Chapter 7 7.2

Question 1

Formal Reasoning

Answer 1

A set of rigorous prodedures for reaching valid conclusions.

Question 2

Algorithms

Answer 2

Systematic procedures that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to a problem.

Question 3

Logic

Answer 3

A system of formulas for drawing valid conclusions

Question 4

Deductive

Answer 4

The ability to make inferences about the veracity of a conclusion based on several, often competing hypotheses.

Question 5

Syllogisms

Answer 5

Deductive arguments that involve draw-ing conclusions from one premises.

Question 6

Belief bias - confirmation bias

Answer 6

The human tendency to only seek out information that supports one position or idea.

Question 7

Limits on working memory

Answer 7

Working memory - how much you can hold.

Question 8

Informal Reasoning

Answer 8

The process of evaluating a conclusion based on the evidence available to support it.

Question 9

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 9

A method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general.

Question 10

Heuristics

Answer 10

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb

Question 11

Anchoring Heuristics

Answer 11

A shortcut in the thought process that involves adding new information to existing information to reach a judgement.

Question 12

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 12

A mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class based on its similarities to other members of that class.

Question 13

Availability Heuristic

Answer 13

A mental shortcut through which judgements are based on information that is most easily brought to mind.

Question 14

Strategies for problem solving

Answer 14

A plan of action used to find a solution.

Question 15

Means-end analysis

Answer 15

Problem-solving strategy in which an end goal is identified and then fulfilled via the generation of subgoals and action plans that help overcome obstacles encountered along the way.

Question 16

Working backward

Answer 16

A method of problem solving in which an individual imagines they have already solved the problem they are try to solve.

Question 17

Analogies - locating analogical thinking

Answer 17

Used to help us grasp unfamiliar or abstract ideas by relating them to something we already know and understand.

Question 18

Obstacles to problem solving

Answer 18

Mental constructs that impede an efficient search for solutions.

Question 19

Mental hypotheses

Answer 19

An empirically testable proposition about some fact, behavior, or relationship.

Question 20

Mental sets

Answer 20

The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist.

Question 21

Functional Fixedness

Answer 21

The tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways.

Question 22

Ignoring negative evidence - confirmation bias

Answer 22

The tendency to pay more attention to evidence that supports one’s hypothesis about a problem than to evidence that refutes that hypothesis.

Question 23

Building problem solving skills

Answer 23

The process of finding solutions to problems encountered in life.

Question 24

Evidence - not confidence & Dogma

Answer 24

Beliefs that are accepted as true.

Question 25

Symbolic reasoning & computer logic

Answer 25

The cognitive ability to relate one concept to another that represents it in some way.

Question 26

Neural network models

Answer 26

artificial intelligence that teaches computers to process data in a way that is inspired by the human brain.

Question 27

Computer - assisted problem solving

Answer 27

Understanding the problem designing an algorithm for it, and implementing the solution.