Chapter 6 Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards
Hypertension
AKA high blood pressure. it is symptomless and painless. Causes capillary ruptures
What does hypertension do to vessels?
Ruptures capillaries. Body heals these capillaries but it turns into scar tissue and makes those capillaries unusable. This hinders gas exchange. Damage is irreversible.
What causes hypertension?
- Family history- as far back as grandparents
- Diet- what you eat
- Exercise- lack of regular exercise increases risk
Angina
Severe chest pain due to ischemia of myocardium, usually happens during exertion. Can happen w/o. Pain will resolve after they stop whatever they are doing. If not corrected, tissue death will occur. This will lead to myocardial infraction, aka a heart attack.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Plaque buildup in arteries of the heart
Atherosclerosis
Fat plaque that adheres to and hardens arteries
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Heart attack; blockage of a coronary artery which results in death of myocardium.
What valves are in sync when contracting/relaxing?
Atrioventricular valves are in sync with each other (Tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves)
Semilunar valves are in sync with each other (Pulmonary valve and aortic valve)
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
End stage heart disease where the ventricles are so damaged that they can no longer pump blood efficiently. Left sided blood back up and results in pulmonary edema.
Pulmonary Edema
Abn buildup of fluid in the lungs, in this case due to CHF
Aneurysm
Localized enlargement of an artery; due to atherosclerotic damage and sometimes high blood pressure. High risk of stroke if in the brain.
Bradycardia
Below normal heart rate (slow heart rate)
Tachycardia
Above normal heart rate (fast heart rate)
Hypertension
Diagnosis of high blood pressure
Hypotension
Low blood pressure
Arrhythmia
Absence or lack of rhythm in heart beat (Sinoatrial/pacemaker node > > AV node > right/ left bundle branches > purkinje fibers)
Random, but can happen if there is dead myocardium interferring with the electric signals.
Embolus
Blood clot that is circulating
Thrombus
Blood clot that is stuck somewhere in the body
Shock
Peripheral blood flow is insufficient back to the heart to replenish oxygenated blood to the system.
Symptoms: lightheadedness, dizzy, low BP, weak pulse
Fibrillation
Rapid, spontaneous contractions of the muscle fibers in the atria or ventricles; atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation. A-fib or V-fib. V-fib is fatal.
Causes random contraction of muscle
Heart murmur
Abn heart sound due to valve problem
