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Chapter 35 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

the leaders of the Allied countries gathered to plan the final defeat and division of Nazi Germany and the future of europe

A

yalta conference
feb 1945

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2
Q

meeting to make financial arrangements for the postwar world after the expected defeat of Germany and Japan. established the IMF and encouraged world trade

A

Bretton Woods Conference
july 1944

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3
Q

international organization where the world’s nations can. gather together, discuss common problems. and find shared solutions

A

united nations

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4
Q

Nazi Germany leaders stood trial for crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity,

A

nuremburg war crimes trial
1945-1946

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5
Q

United States and United Kingdom response to blockade of Berlin by Stalin by flying food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in western Germany

A

berlin airlift
hune 1948

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6
Q

written by George Kennan, the concept held that rusia was relentlessly expansionary, but cautious, so it could be contained

A

containment doctrine
1947

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7
Q

established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces (immediately to Greece and turkey)

A

Truman Doctrine, 1947

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8
Q

a joint U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II.

A

Marshall Plan
huly 1947

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9
Q

organization created between north A and european countries to attack others that attacked one of them

A

north atlantic treaty organization (NATO)
april 1949

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10
Q

document recomending that the US quadruple its defense spending

A

national security council memorandum number 68 (NSC-68)

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11
Q

the house created this to investigate and identify subversion and comm. theats to the US

A

house un-american activities committee (HUAC)

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12
Q

to the period of time in American history that saw a senator of Wisconsin produce a series of investigations and hearings during the 1950s in an effort to expose supposed communist infiltration of various areas of the U.S. government.

A

mccarthyism

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13
Q

a series of televised hearings held by the United States Senate’s Subcommittee on Investigations to investigate conflicting accusations between the United States Army and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy.

A

army-mccarthy hearings
(April–June 1954)

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14
Q

presidential command to desegregate the military

A

executive order 9981
1948

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15
Q

act that placed restricutions on labor unions such as outlawed closed shops, made them liable for damages done from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-comm oath

A

taft-hartley act
1947

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16
Q

failed CIO’s attempt to unionize S textile and steel workers

A

operation dixie
1948

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17
Q

act that made it gov policy to promote max emploument, production and purchasing power and established the council of economic advisers

A

emplyment act of 1946

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18
Q

a federal effort to provide financial and social benefits to World War II veterans after they returned home

A

GI bill
1944

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19
Q

program created by truman to improve housing, create full employment, create a national health insurance, riase the min wage, improve farm price supports, produce new TVAs, and extend social security

A

fair deal
1949

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20
Q

that part of the U.S. comprising most of the states of the South and the Southwest, characterized by a warm, sunny climate and regarded as an area of rapid population and economic growth

A

sun belt

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21
Q

name of several large suburban housing developments created in the United States. Built after World War II for returning white veterans and their new families

A

levittown

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22
Q

huge leap in birthrate in the decade and a half after 1945

A

baby boom

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23
Q

leader of the nationalist party in china

A

jiang jieshi

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24
Q

leader of the communist party in china who overtakes the nationalistic gov

A

mao zedong

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25
Q

wrote the containment doctrine

A

geroge f kennan

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26
Q

secretary of state who created the economic plan to help w europe reconstruct after ww2

A

georce c marshall

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27
Q

wisconsin senator famous for his anti-comm activities

A

joeseph mccarthy

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28
Q

protestant clergyman who was a vocal enemy of facism, communism, and pacism in the 40s and 50s and divided the world into camps: “children of darkness” and “children of light”

A

Reinhold Niebuhr

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29
Q

American pediatrician[1] and left-wing political activist who wrote many book such as The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care.

A

benjamin spock

30
Q

who was truman

A

no college education
farmer, military, haberdasher, judge
put his “missouri gang” in office
authentic, probid, old fashioned, few pretentions

31
Q

yalta conference

A

nations tested each other
assigned ocupation zones
poland would have a dem, alomg w/ bullgaria and romania
united nations
stalin agreed to attack japan in exchange fpr some of j’s territory and china but they werent needed
critics mad at the sellout of china
fdr’s defenders said that stalin would take more if nto checked
nothing set in stone

32
Q

beef with su

A

communism v capitalism
us didnt recongize the SU till 16 yrs after it was created
a andn brit delayed 2nd front
didnt include su in plan to create atomic bomb
a terminated the lend-lease bill and didnt lend them money for reconstructio

33
Q

differnces b/w su and us

A

stalin wanted above all the security of his nation
wanted friendly govs to border hoim
a viwed the spheres of influence as an empire
fdr wanted a decolonized, demilitarized, and democrized wiorld

34
Q

bretton woods conference

A

1944
w allies established the internation monetary fund to encourage world trade
founded the internation bank for reconsruction and development in war-ravaged and underdevoped nations
general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)
us took the lead increating them and supplied most of the funds
su and the spheres of influence duid not participate

35
Q

un conference

A

april 1945
un made during the war to capatlize on international cooperation
un provided that no member of the securtiy council (big five) could take action w/out its consent vs the LN where anyone could vote
ujn presymed a great power ca\ooperation vs ln’s greatn power conflict
general assembly for smaller nations
helped achieve peace in kashmir and iran
created influence
fuided former colonies into independence
UNESCO, FAO, WHO
lsot the ability to tame the nucelar beast when us and stalin coundltn agree on plant

36
Q

nuremburg war crimes trial

A

accusations of committing crimes against the laws of war and humanity and okitting aggressiions cibtrarty to treaty pledges
22 nazi eladers
12 were hung
1 suicife
critics said that the trials wasnt right bc the kaws werent there athte begining of the war

37
Q

problem of germany

A

su wanted repreations but allies refused to let their sections give them all of their money
some as wanted to rid it of its industrial system
germ divided into 4 zones occupied by the allues
w germ became an independent country
e germ became a satellite state
1948: blockade on berlin
berlin airfligt

38
Q

containing the su

A

containment doctrine
disput over troops in iran solved
truman doctrine
money to turkey and greece to halp them keep a dem gov
marshall plan

39
Q

marshall plan

A

france, italy, germ in danger of being takn over by comm. parties bc of economic issues sstemming from ww2
marshall invded them to get together and create a joint plan for economic revocery
12.5 bil over 4 yrs in 16 countries
offer extended to comm nations if they changed their pplocies, so they refused
success: w/in a few yrs euripe was exceeding their prewar outputs and comm. parties in w europe lost ground

40
Q

problem of iol

A

access to oil in mid e crucial for europen crevocery and us economy
araab pil cointries oposed teh the creation of israel
truman defyed arab wrath and objections of state and defense departments to recongixe isreal
-syppathuy towards holocaust survivors, preemt su influence, retain support of jewish voters

41
Q

national security act

A

1947
created the department of dencfe
pentago
nwe cabinet officer: secreaty of defense
chief joint of staff under him
national securtiy council (nsc) to advise pres on securtiy measures
Central intelligence agency (CIA)

42
Q

america begins to ream

A

“voices of america” broadcasts behind the iron curtain
congress reserrected draft
NATO
national security act

43
Q

NATO

A

eng, fr, belgium, netherlands, luxembourg, and us joined the north atlantic treaty organization (NATO)
us joined bc it stregthened the containment of su
provided the framweork for the reintergraion of germ and reasured the europans
treay signed in huly 1949
1st peace time permant alliance

44
Q

reconstructing japan

A

done underr ,acarthur
j war crimianls tried and sentenced to death or imrposimnet
j cooperated
maca dictated new const: renounced militarism, provded for womens =, and introduced a dem style of gov
paved tje way fpr j’s rose as a global power

45
Q

reconstructing china

A

civil war b/w nationalists and comm
a supported the nat goc of generalismo jiang jieshi against his struggle agaisnt the comms under mao zedong
corruption in nationalist reign corroded the confidence of the peeps and jieshi fled
comms took over and created the people’s republic of china
repubs msde bc they thought the comms in the gov withheld aid

46
Q

arms race

A

sep 1949: su exploded 1st atomic bomb
tru orfered the development of the h-bomb even after dissaproval from openhimer and einstein
openheimer led a team
1952: 1st us h-bomb
1953: 1st su h-bomb

47
Q

probkkems in korea

A

after j collapesed, both su and a wanted reunifcation and independece of korea
1949: both armies withdrew but the regimes didnt like each ohter
june 1950: N kor crossed the 38th // and invaded S kor
expansion of d military under advice from national security couclin memorandum number 68
truman took advantage of temporary siu absence from un security council to label n kor as the aggressor
un called for its members to assist in restogin peace
truman sent troops

48
Q

national security council memorandum number 68 (NSC-68)

A

massive military
3.5 mil men
$50 bil/yr on the defense budget
marked a major step in the minitarization of a foreign policy
rested on teh assumption that the economy could bear the stain w/out strain

49
Q

korean war

A

maca launched an amphibious landing behind enemmy lines at inchon
n kor fled back to 38th //
chinese fell upon maca’s overxtend lines
githting came to a talemate near the 38th
maca wanted to retaliate, but tru and gov didnt want to enlarge the war
truman fired maca after he trash talked him
july 1951: truce negotioatins started byt were snagged on the issue of prisoner exchange

50
Q

the anti-red chase

A

many as feared comm spies were undermining the gov
tru kaunched the loyalty program
loyalty boartd investigated 3 mil fed employees but mo indictments
loyalty oaths
11 comm. tried for and sentenced for violating the smith act and their convictions were upheald in dennis v united states
un-american activies committee
mixon v hiss and hiss eas convicted of purgury
julius and ethel rosenberg sentenced to death for selling atomic secrets to su
conservative politicans found that social change could be “tarred” w/ red
drove debots, drunks, and gays from their jobs
as slowly realized it was becoming a witchung

51
Q

mccarthy

A

accused sec of state den acheson of knowlingly employing 205 comms, but couldnt name 1
repubs realised the benefits of attacking the dem admini
mccar denounced marshall
ruined careers w/ accusations
controlled the policies of the state department at his peak
deprived gov of asian specialsists
demagad a’s international reputaion for a fair and open dem
army-mccarthy televised hearings
senat formally condemnded him

52
Q

cold war shaping a culture

A

many as interpretted the cold war as a secular b/w good and evil
reinhold neihbur
emophasis on religious beliefs as a part of the “american way”
“under god” in the pledge
radical voices muzzeled
civil rights
executive order 9981

53
Q

the hurting economy

A

jovlessness lead to increased suicides and dampened the marriage rate
sexual depression
veterans in bread lines
gross national product sluumoted in 46 and 47
prices increased w.out wartime restrictions
stikes

54
Q

labor unions

A

taft-hartley act
labor leaders condemnded the act as a slave labor law
outlawed closed shop
made unions liable for damages caused over battling jurisdicitons
required union leaders to take a non-comm oath
operation dixie failed
anti-comm purging removed some of teh best labor leaders
workers in teh service industry harder to organize

55
Q

forestalling the economic downturn

A

employment act of 1946
gi bill

56
Q

employment act of 1946

A

policy made the gov promot max employment, produciton and purchasing paower
created a 3 member council of economic advisers to provied the prs w/ data and recommendations to make the polucy possivle

57
Q

gi bill

A

gave the veterans monetary relief and made provisions for sending them to schools
8 mil advanced their education
spent $14.5 bil eduaction
ket the veterans admini gaurantee $16 bil in loans for houses, farms, and small buisnesses

58
Q

the election of 1948

A

repubs won control of congress in 1946 in
repubs nominated thomas dewey
truman renominated despite s opposition
s dems nominated storm thurmond
henry wallave nominated by the prgressive party
division of dems almost garunteed deweys win
truman gave 300 speeches lashign out at the taft-hartley law, repub vongress, and created support for civil rights, labor benefits and health insurance
truman wins and dems recontroll congress
“point four” inaugration speech
fair deal

59
Q

the economy booms

A

1950-1970
national income more than doubled
prosperity paved the wway for the success pf the civil rights movement, funded new welfare programs, and gave As confidence for leadership in teh cold wae
2 cars per home, washing machines, tvs
middle class became 60% of th epop
more owned their homes

60
Q

women

A

more employment in offfices and shops
good majority of jobs went to women as the service industry grew
pop culture still glorided the traditional role of homemaker and mom

61
Q

causes of prosperity

A

military budget
cheaper energy
increased producitivty
changes in economic structure

62
Q

military budget

A

ww2 and korean war called for a larger military budget
fired up factories and rebui;t the economy
defense spending
new inovations in space, plastics, and electronics industries

63
Q

cheap energy

A

companies kept prices low w/ petroleum
as soubled their energy consumption
ac and highways created a 6fold increase in as electrictiy generating capacity

64
Q

increased productivity

A

producvivy increased each yr
increased eduation in teh work force
could produce twice as much in 1 hr
productivity doubled as standard of living

65
Q

changes in teh economic structure

A

workforce out of agriculture
giant agricultural business
mechanization, tractors, fertlizers

66
Q

migrations

A

3 mil peeps changed residences each yr
distance divided fams
spock’s books instructed parents
friendships harder to sustain w/ fluid neighborhoods
growth of the sunbelt

67
Q

the sunbelt

A

increased its pop rate 2X as ne
cali became the most popolous state
peeps came in shearch of jobs, lower taxes, and better weather
abundance of jobs
fed $ accounted for much of the sunbelts prosperity

68
Q

rush to the suburbs

A

gov policies encouraged movement away from cities
federal housing admini and certerans admini home loans
homes more appealing than apartments
tax deducitons on intererst rattes for homes
higheays allowed for cuommuters
construction besiness booms
levittowns had 100s or 100s of dwelligns in a single project
houses built in record time
left cities black, brown, and broke
businesses went sith customers to suburbs in 1st mal;s
segregated neighborhoods
fha refused to give blacks mortgages
worsened segregation and increased wealth gap

69
Q

baby boom

A

more marriages
50 mil babies by the end of the 1950s
baby wave creasted in 57
oversized genration strianed and distorted many aspects of a lives
maturing babies created economic shockeaves
50s: baby products industry boomed
60s: clothing and rock music
70s: jeans
80s: fought in job market
90s: another baby boom as the boomers reached middle aged

70
Q

end of ww2

A

us comes out on top
no damage to mainland
went in better prepared
new crew of military leaders
fdr and churchill
more men, weapons, machines, tech and $

71
Q

clashing similarities b/w su and us

A

isolationism
history of mistionary diplomacy

72
Q

big 5

A

france, eng, china, us, su

APUSH (35 decks)

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