Chapter 25 (Urinary System) Flashcards
What is the normal range of osmolality in urine
50–1200 mOsmol/L
What are some factors that influence urine change?
water intake, exercise, environmental temperature, nutrient intake
analysis of urine to diagnose disease
Urinanalysis
What can high amounts of protein in urine indicate?
Damage to glomeruli
What can high amounts of sugar in urine indicate?
Diabetes, high blood sugar levels
What can the presence of blood in urine indicate?
Kidney stone or cancer
What can the presence of leukocytes in urine indicate?
UTI
absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day
Anuria
below normal urine production of 400–500 mL/day
Oliguria
urine production in excess of 2.5 L/day; may be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, or excessive use of diuretics
Polyuria
Outside of the peritoneal cavity
Retroperitoneal
What determines the color of urine?
by the breakdown products of red blood cell destruction
skeletal muscle; must be relaxed consciously to void urine
External urinary sphincter
smooth muscle at the juncture of the bladder and urethra; relaxes as the bladder fills to allow urine into the urethra
Internal urinary sphincter
area at the base of the bladder marked by the two ureters in the posterior–lateral aspect and the urethral orifice in the anterior aspect oriented like points on a triangle
Trigone
Gland that produces and secretes mucus into the urethra to buffer urethral pH during sexual stimulation
Bulbourethral gland
What’s the difference between the male and female urethra?
Males are longer than females; males contain glands that neutralize the pH of urethra during ejaculation
How does the differences between the male and female urethra affect health?
Females are more likely to get a UTI
What comprises the urinary bladder?
Detrusor muscle and transitional epithelium
Where is the bladder located?
Located posterior to the pubic bone and anterior to the rectum (retroperitoneal)
How many openings are in the bladder?
3
outer part of kidney containing all of the nephrons
Renal cortex
inner region of kidney containing the renal pyramids
Medulla
six to eight cone-shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney containing collecting ducts and the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons
Renal pyramid
cup-like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts where it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter
Calyx
cup-shaped sack lined by a simple squamous epithelium and podocytes that participate in the filtration process; receives the filtrate which then passes on to the proximal convoluted tube
Bowmans capsule
Explain the four other ways in which water may leave the body
Intestine through bowel movements, perspiration from skin, water vapor from lungs, urine
tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule; filters the blood based on size
Glomerulus
tortuous tubules receiving filtrate from Bowman’s capsule; most active part of the nephron in reabsorption and secretion
Proximal convoluted tube
portions of the nephron distal to the loop of Henle that receive hyposmotic filtrate from the loop of Henle and empty into collecting ducts
Distal convoluted tube
How are the kidneys involved in erythropoiesis?
Kidneys produce a majority of erythropoietin
How are the kidneys involved in blood pressure?
Reabsorbs sodium which helps to raise and maintain blood pressure
How are the kidneys involved in osmolality regulation?
Helps to absorb water
