Chapter 23 (Digestive System) Flashcards
Functions to nourish the body; includes pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestines
Alimentary canal (GI tract)
Organs that aid in the breakdown of food
Accessory organs
What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Layer of the alimentary canal that is known as the mucous layer; contains epithelium, the lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa
Mucosa
Layer of the alimentary canal that connects the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis. It includes blood and lymphatic vessels (which transport absorbed nutrients), and a scattering of submucosal glands that release digestive secretions
Submucosa
Layer of the alimentary canal that promote mechanical digestion, expose more of the food to digestive chemicals, and move the food along the canal
Muscularis
Layer of the alimentary canal present in the the abdominal cavity; serve to hold the alimentary canal in place near the ventral surface of the vertebral column
Serosa
Explain how the peritoneum anchors the digestive organs to the body’s coelom.
Includes multiple folds that envelope various abdominal organs
System that Blood supplies digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients
Cardiovascular
System that has hormones to help regulate secretion in digestive glands and accessory organs
Endocrine
Skin helps protect digestive organs and synthesizes vitamin D for calcium absorption
Integumentary
System that has mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and other lymphatic tissue defend against entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb lipids; and lymphatic vessels transport lipids to bloodstream
Lymphatic
Skeletal muscles support and protect abdominal organs
Muscular
Sensory and motor neurons help regulate secretions and muscle contractions in the digestive tract
Nervous
provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Respiratory
Bones help protect and support digestive organs
Skeletal
Kidneys convert vitamin D into its active form, allowing calcium absorption in the small intestine
Urinary
Apron-like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine and transverse colon; a site of fat deposition in people who are overweight
Greater omentum
Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and inferior border of the diaphragm
Falciform ligament
Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver; provides a pathway for structures connecting to the liver
Lesser omentum
Vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and anchoring all of the small intestine except the initial portion (the duodenum)
Mesentary
Attaches two portions of the large intestine (the transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall
Mesocolon
Why is peritonitis lethal?
It can affect peristalsis of nutrients. Body may not be able to absorb nutrients needed to survive
taking food into the GI tract through the mouth
Ingestion
voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis that moves food through the digestive tract
Propulsion
chewing, mixing, and segmentation that prepares food for chemical digestion
Mechanical digestion
enzymatic breakdown of food
Chemical digestion
passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals
Absorption
elimination of undigested substances from the body in the form of feces
Defecation
Process of chewing
Mastication
muscular contractions and relaxations that propel food through the GI tract
Peristalsis
alternating contractions and relaxations of non-adjacent segments of the intestine that move food forward and backward, breaking it apart and mixing it with digestive juices
Segmentation
Organ that ingests food, mixes food, beginning of chemical breakdown of carbohydrate and lipids
Mouth
Organ that mixes and churns food with gastric juices, beginning of breakdown of proteins, absorbs some fat soluble molecules
Stomach
Organ that propels food at a slow rate for absorption, absorbs breakdown products, physical digestion
Small intestine
Organ that absorbs most residual water, electrolytes and bacteria, breaks down food residues, makes feces
Large intestine
