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BI 122 > Chapter 19 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

surface arteries of the heart that generally follow the sulci

A

Epicardial coronary arteries

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2
Q

branch of the left coronary artery that follows coronary sulcus

A

Circumflex artery

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3
Q

major branch of the left coronary artery that follows the anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Interventricular arteries

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4
Q

supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart

A

Coronary arteries

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5
Q

area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch

A

Anastomosis

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6
Q

Is anastomosis considered dangerous in coronary arteries?

A

Yes; coronary artery blockage often results in death of the cells (myocardial infarction) supplied by the particular vessel

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7
Q

results from a lack of blood flow (ischemia) and oxygen (hypoxia) to a region of the heart, resulting in death of the cardiac muscle cells

A

Myocardial infarction

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8
Q

known vasodilator, and endothelium-derived releasing factor, which also relaxes the smooth muscle in the tunica media of coronary vessels

A

Nitroglycerine

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9
Q

Dissolves blood clots during MIs

A

Streptokinase

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10
Q

Anticoagulant used during MIs

A

Heparin

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11
Q

ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control

A

Autorhythmicity

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12
Q

bulk of the cardiac muscle cells in the atria and ventricles that conduct impulses and contract to propel blood

A

Myocardial contractile cells

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13
Q

specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses throughout the heart and trigger contraction by the myocardial contractile cells

A

Myocardial conducting cells

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14
Q

helps support the synchronized contraction of the muscle

A

Intercalated discs

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15
Q

known as the pacemaker, a specialized clump of myocardial conducting cells that has the highest inherent rate of depolarization that then spreads throughout the heart

A

SA Node

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16
Q

receives the impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized conducting cells within the interventricular septum

A

AV node

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17
Q

group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum

A

AV Bundle

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18
Q

specialized myocardial conductile cells that arise from the bifurcation of the atrioventricular bundle and pass through the interventricular septum

A

AV bundle branches

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19
Q

specialized myocardial conduction fibers that arise from the bundle branches and spread the impulse to the myocardial contraction fibers of the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

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20
Q

surface recording of the electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function

A

Electrocardiogram

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21
Q

component of the electrocardiogram that represents the depolarization of the atria

22
Q

component of the electrocardiogram that represents the depolarization of the ventricles and includes, as a component, the repolarization of the atria

A

QRS complex

23
Q

component of the electrocardiogram that represents the repolarization of the ventricles

24
Q

special paddles to apply a charge to the heart from an external electrical source in an attempt to establish a normal sinus rhythm; effectively stops the heart so that the SA node can trigger a normal conduction cycle.

A

External automated defibrillator

25
Q

period of time between the onset of atrial contraction (atrial systole) and ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole)

A

Cardiac cycle

26
Q

period of time when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood

27
Q

period of time when the heart muscle is contracting

28
Q

unusual heart sound detected by auscultation; typically related to septal or valve defects

29
Q

sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction

A

Lub sounds (S1)

30
Q

sound of the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole

A

Dub sound (S2)

31
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

32
Q

What is the relationship between exercise and heart rate?

A

Exercise increases heart rate

33
Q

What are the 2 cardiovascular centers?

A

Cardioinhibitory and cardioaccelerator

34
Q

autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases

A

Atrial reflex

35
Q

autonomic reflex in which the cardiac centers monitor signals from the baroreceptor stretch receptors and regulate heart function based on blood flow

A

Baroreceptor reflex

36
Q

series of autonomic reflexes that enable the cardiovascular centers to regulate heart function based upon sensory information from a variety of visceral sensors

A

Cardiac reflexes

37
Q

What 5 factors increase cardiac output?

A

Thyroid hormone, calcium, epinephrine/norepinephrine, nicotine, caffeine

38
Q

What factors decrease cardiac output?

A

Acidic environment, low temperatures, potassium

39
Q

What factors affect stroke volume?

A

Preload, contractility, afterload

40
Q

portion of the primitive heart tube that will eventually develop into the right ventricle

A

Bulbus cordis

41
Q

area near the head of the embryo where the heart begins to develop 18–19 days after fertilization

A

Cardiogenic area

42
Q

two strands of tissue that form within the cardiogenic area

A

Cardiogenic cords

43
Q

stage in which lumens form within the expanding cardiogenic cords, forming hollow structures

A

Endocardial tubes

44
Q

one of the three primary germ layers that differentiate early in embryonic development

45
Q

portion of the primitive heart tube that eventually becomes the anterior portions of both the right and left atria, and the two auricles

A

Primitive atrium

46
Q

singular tubular structure that forms from the fusion of the two endocardial tubes

A

Primitive heart tube

47
Q

portion of the primitive heart tube that eventually forms the left ventricle

A

Primitive ventricle

48
Q

develops into the posterior portion of the right atrium, the SA node, and the coronary sinus

A

Sinus venosus

49
Q

portion of the primitive heart that will eventually divide and give rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Truncus arteriosus

50
Q

Explain the flow of blood through the cardiac veins as they return deoxygenated blood to the coronary sinus or the right atrium directly.

A

Coronary arteries, capillaries, venules, cardiac veins, sinus venosus, right atrium

BI 122 (26 decks)

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