Chapter 20 (Cardiovascular)

Question 1

thicker walls and smaller lumen; blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart; may be a conducting or distributing vessel

Answer 1

Artery

Question 2

Thinner walls and larger lumen; can withstand lower blood pressure compared to arteries; blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart

Answer 2

Vein

Question 3

very small artery that leads to a capillary; primary site of both resistance and regulation of blood pressure

Answer 3

Arteriole

Question 4

Small vessel leading from the capillaries to veins

Answer 4

Venule

Question 5

Tunic that contains epithelial and connective tissue layers; important for regulating capillary exchange and altering blood flow

Answer 5

Tunica intima

Question 6

Tunic that contains smooth muscle and connective tissue; important for vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Answer 6

Tunica Media

Question 7

Tunic that is composed mostly of connective tissue (collagen fibers); thickest tunic in veins; holds the blood vessel’s position

Answer 7

Tunica externa

Question 8

artery with abundant elastic fibers located closer to the heart, which maintains the pressure gradient and conducts blood to smaller branches

Answer 8

Elastic artery

Question 9

artery with abundant smooth muscle in the tunica media that branches to distribute blood to the arteriole network

Answer 9

Muscular artery

Question 10

Stuff in veins that prevents the back flow of blood

Answer 10

Venous valves

Question 11

membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media; seen in larger arteries; allows vessels to stretch and permeated with small openings that allow exchange of materials between the tunics

Answer 11

Internal elastic lamina

Question 12

short vessel arising from a terminal arteriole that branches to supply a capillary bed; branches to supply blood to a capillary bed

Answer 12

Metarteriole

Question 13

network of 10–100 capillaries connecting arterioles to venules

Answer 13

Capillary bed

Question 14

continuation of the metarteriole that enables blood to bypass a capillary bed and flow directly into a venule, creating a vascular shunt

Answer 14

Thoroughfare channel

Question 15

continuation of the metarteriole and thoroughfare channel that allows blood to bypass the capillary beds to flow directly from the arterial to the venous circulation

Answer 15

Vascular shunt

Question 16

short vessel connecting an arteriole directly to a venule and bypassing the capillary beds

Answer 16

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Question 17

irregular, pulsating flow of blood through capillaries and related structures

Answer 17

Vasomotion

Question 18

The presence of excess tissue fluid around the cells

Answer 18

Edema

Question 19

defective valves allow blood to accumulate within the veins, causing them to distend, twist, and become visible on the surface of the integument

Answer 19

Varicose veins

Question 20

force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel or heart chamber; can be described with the more generic term hydrostatic pressure

Answer 20

Blood pressure

Question 21

alternating expansion and recoil of an artery as blood moves through the vessel; an indicator of heart rate

Answer 21

Pulse

Question 22

How do we measure pulse and what is it an indicator of?

Answer 22

Pulse helps to indicate a person’s health; measured by placing the tips of the fingers across an artery that runs close to the body surface and pressing lightly

Question 23

How do we measure blood pressure?

Answer 23

systolic over diastolic

Question 24

lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation

Answer 24

Diastolic pressure

Question 25

larger number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the maximum value following ventricular contraction

Answer 25

Systolic pressure

Question 26

difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

Answer 26

Pulse pressure

Question 27

average driving force of blood to the tissues; approximated by taking diastolic pressure and adding 1/3 of pulse pressure

Answer 27

Mean arterial pressure

Question 28

What are the 5 factors that affect arterial blood flow and blood pressure

Answer 28

Cardiac output, compliance, volume of blood, viscosity of blood, blood vessel length and diameter

Question 29

What happens to arterial blood flow and blood pressure as cardiac output increases?

Answer 29

Increases

Question 30

ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content

Answer 30

Compliance

Question 31

What happens to arterial blood flow and blood pressure as compliance increases?

Answer 31

Increases

Question 32

What happens to arterial blood flow and blood pressure as blood volume increases?

Answer 32

Increases

Question 33

What happens to arterial blood flow and blood pressure as viscosity increases?

Answer 33

Blood pressure increases, flow decreases

Question 34

What happens to arterial blood flow and blood pressure as blood vessel length increases?

Answer 34

Flow decreases, blood pressure decreases

Question 35

What happens to arterial blood flow and blood pressure as blood vessel diameter increases?

Answer 35

Flow increases, blood pressure increases

Question 36

Caused by damage to the endothelium of an artery, causes compliance to reduce and vessels stiffens

Answer 36

Atherosclerosis

Question 37

How can arteriosclerosis lead to clots and embolisms?

Answer 37

Plaque can rupture and leave tears in the arteries, causing platelets to to clot the blood and obstruct the artery