Chapter 19 (Heart)

Question 1

Applying pressure with the flat portion of one hand on the sternum in the area between the line at T4 and T9 to manually compress the blood within the heart enough to push some of the blood within it into the pulmonary and systemic circuits

Answer 1

CPR

Question 2

How is it possible to kill a patient during CPR?

Answer 2

Placing hands too low and driving the xiphoid process into the liver

Question 3

Where is the heart located?

Answer 3

within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum

Question 4

Describe the shape and size of the heart

Answer 4

Shape similar to a pinecone, 5 inches in length, 3.5 inches in width, and 2.5 inches in thickness. 9-11 oz females, 11-12 oz males

Question 5

Circuit on the left side of the body that flows through the entire body

Answer 5

Systemic

Question 6

Circuit that goes from the right side of the body that flows through the lungs and back to the heart

Answer 6

Pulmonary

Question 7

reflex circuit after the valves close; services the heart

Answer 7

Coronary

Question 8

What are the three membranes surrounding the heart

Answer 8

Visceral, parietal, fibrous

Question 9

fused to the heart and is part of the heart wall

Answer 9

Visceral

Question 10

fused to the fibrous pericardium

Answer 10

Parietal

Question 11

Surrounds entire heart; protects heart and maintains position

Answer 11

Fibrous

Question 12

membrane that separates the heart from other mediastinal structures

Answer 12

Pericardium

Question 13

membrane that separates the heart from other mediastinal structures; consists of two distinct, fused sublayers: the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Answer 13

Pericardial sac

Question 14

innermost layer of the serous pericardium and the outermost layer of the heart wall

Answer 14

Epicardium

Question 15

Reduces friction as the heart contracts

Answer 15

Pericardial fluid

Question 16

Excess fluids build within the pericardial space

Answer 16

Cardiac tamponade

Question 17

Why is cardiac tamponade dangerous?

Answer 17

excess fluid in the pericardial cavity puts pressure on the heart and prevents full relaxation, so the chambers within the heart contain slightly less blood as they begin each heart cycle. Over time, less and less blood is ejected from the heart

Question 18

What is the blood flow through the heart? (14)

Answer 18

superior/ inferior vena cava, right atrium, AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary valve, left/right pulmonary artery, lungs, left pulmonary/right pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood), left atrium, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta

Question 19

Sulcus located between the left and right ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart

Answer 19

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Question 20

receives blood from the systemic circuit that flows into the right ventricle

Answer 20

Right atrium

Question 21

Receives blood from the pulmonary circuit that flows into the left ventricle

Answer 21

Left atrium

Question 22

extension of an atrium visible on the superior surface of the heart

Answer 22

Auricle

Question 23

major pumping chamber on the lower left side of the heart that ejects blood into the systemic circuit via the aorta and receives blood from the left atrium

Answer 23

Left ventricle

Question 24

major pumping chamber on the lower right side of the heart that ejects blood into the pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary trunk and receives blood from the right atrium

Answer 24

Right ventricle

Question 25

Which “half” of the heart comprises the greatest amount of cardiac muscle? Why?

Answer 25

Left because more pressure is needed in order to pump blood throughout the entire body (systemic circuit)

Question 26

occurs when the septum primum does not close at birth, and the fossa ovalis is unable to fuse

Answer 26

Patent foramen ovale

Question 27

Is patent foramen ovale dangerous?

Answer 27

No unless extreme cases; may need surgery to close the opening entirely

Question 28

congenital abnormal narrowing of the aorta; common symptoms include difficulty breathing, poor appetite, trouble feeding, or failure to thrive in infants and dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, headache, and nosebleeds

Answer 28

Congenital coarctation of the aorta

Question 29

Explain how congenital coarctation of the aorta is related to the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after birth).

Answer 29

Related to the ductus arteriosus because it is located at the ligament arteriosum which is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Question 30

Caused by severe septal defects and failure of the heart to develop properly; skin turns blue due to the insufficient supply of oxygenated blood

Answer 30

Blue baby syndrome

Question 31

innermost layer of the heart lining the heart chambers and heart valves

Answer 31

Endocardium

Question 32

layer of smooth, simple squamous epithelium that lines the endocardium and blood vessels

Answer 32

Endothelium

Question 33

cardiac septum located between the two atria; contains the fossa ovalis after birth

Answer 33

Interatrial septum

Question 34

cardiac septum located between the two ventricles

Answer 34

Interventricular septum

Question 35

opening in the fetal heart that allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the fetal pulmonary circuit

Answer 35

Foramen ovale

Question 36

cardiac septum located between the atria and ventricles; atrioventricular valves are located here

Answer 36

Atrioventricular septum

Question 37

one-way valves located between the atria and ventricles

Answer 37

Atrioventricular valves

Question 38

valves located at the base of the pulmonary trunk and at the base of the aorta

Answer 38

Semilunar valve