Chapter 19 (Heart) Flashcards
Applying pressure with the flat portion of one hand on the sternum in the area between the line at T4 and T9 to manually compress the blood within the heart enough to push some of the blood within it into the pulmonary and systemic circuits
CPR
How is it possible to kill a patient during CPR?
Placing hands too low and driving the xiphoid process into the liver
Where is the heart located?
within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum
Describe the shape and size of the heart
Shape similar to a pinecone, 5 inches in length, 3.5 inches in width, and 2.5 inches in thickness. 9-11 oz females, 11-12 oz males
Circuit on the left side of the body that flows through the entire body
Systemic
Circuit that goes from the right side of the body that flows through the lungs and back to the heart
Pulmonary
reflex circuit after the valves close; services the heart
Coronary
What are the three membranes surrounding the heart
Visceral, parietal, fibrous
fused to the heart and is part of the heart wall
Visceral
fused to the fibrous pericardium
Parietal
Surrounds entire heart; protects heart and maintains position
Fibrous
membrane that separates the heart from other mediastinal structures
Pericardium
membrane that separates the heart from other mediastinal structures; consists of two distinct, fused sublayers: the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium
Pericardial sac
innermost layer of the serous pericardium and the outermost layer of the heart wall
Epicardium
Reduces friction as the heart contracts
Pericardial fluid
Excess fluids build within the pericardial space
Cardiac tamponade
Why is cardiac tamponade dangerous?
excess fluid in the pericardial cavity puts pressure on the heart and prevents full relaxation, so the chambers within the heart contain slightly less blood as they begin each heart cycle. Over time, less and less blood is ejected from the heart
What is the blood flow through the heart? (14)
superior/ inferior vena cava, right atrium, AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary valve, left/right pulmonary artery, lungs, left pulmonary/right pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood), left atrium, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta
Sulcus located between the left and right ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart
Anterior interventricular sulcus
receives blood from the systemic circuit that flows into the right ventricle
Right atrium
Receives blood from the pulmonary circuit that flows into the left ventricle
Left atrium
extension of an atrium visible on the superior surface of the heart
Auricle
major pumping chamber on the lower left side of the heart that ejects blood into the systemic circuit via the aorta and receives blood from the left atrium
Left ventricle
major pumping chamber on the lower right side of the heart that ejects blood into the pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary trunk and receives blood from the right atrium
Right ventricle
Which “half” of the heart comprises the greatest amount of cardiac muscle? Why?
Left because more pressure is needed in order to pump blood throughout the entire body (systemic circuit)
occurs when the septum primum does not close at birth, and the fossa ovalis is unable to fuse
Patent foramen ovale
Is patent foramen ovale dangerous?
No unless extreme cases; may need surgery to close the opening entirely
congenital abnormal narrowing of the aorta; common symptoms include difficulty breathing, poor appetite, trouble feeding, or failure to thrive in infants and dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, headache, and nosebleeds
Congenital coarctation of the aorta
Explain how congenital coarctation of the aorta is related to the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after birth).
Related to the ductus arteriosus because it is located at the ligament arteriosum which is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus
Caused by severe septal defects and failure of the heart to develop properly; skin turns blue due to the insufficient supply of oxygenated blood
Blue baby syndrome
innermost layer of the heart lining the heart chambers and heart valves
Endocardium
layer of smooth, simple squamous epithelium that lines the endocardium and blood vessels
Endothelium
cardiac septum located between the two atria; contains the fossa ovalis after birth
Interatrial septum
cardiac septum located between the two ventricles
Interventricular septum
opening in the fetal heart that allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the fetal pulmonary circuit
Foramen ovale
cardiac septum located between the atria and ventricles; atrioventricular valves are located here
Atrioventricular septum
one-way valves located between the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular valves
valves located at the base of the pulmonary trunk and at the base of the aorta
Semilunar valve
