Chapter 22 Part 2 Flashcards
What are some factors that affect the rate and depth of respiration?
Concentration of carbon dioxide in blood, systemic arterial concentration of hydrogen ions, blood levels of oxygen
a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure, as if that specific gas type was not part of a mixture of gases
Dalton’s Law
statement of the principle that the concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas
Henry’s Law
gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues
Internal respiration
What happens to oxygen during internal gas exchange?
Oxygen dissociates out of hemoglobin and enters tissues
What happen to carbon dioxide during internal gas exchange?
Diffuses out of tissue and enters blood
Which respiratory tract (upper or lower) cleans the air as it enters the body?
Upper
Which respiratory tract (upper or lower) is in charge of gas exchange?
Lower
Process of gas exchange
Respiration
How is oxygen transported throughout the body?
as oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from alveolus to capillary, it also gets bound to hemoglobin
What are the 3 mechanisms that transport carbon dioxide throughout the body?
Dissolved in plasma, transportation in the form of bicarbonate ions, bind to hemoglobin
bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
Carbaminohemoglobin
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation
ERV
amount of air that enters the lungs due to deep inhalation past the tidal volume
IRV
amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing
TV
sum of TV, ERV, and IRV, which is all the volumes that participate in gas exchange
VC
amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation
Residual volume
total amount of air that can be held in the lungs; sum of TV, ERV, IRV, and RV
TLC
sum of the TV and IRV, which is the amount of air that can maximally be inhaled past a tidal expiration
Inspiratory capacity
sum of ERV and RV, which is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal expiration
Functional residual capacity
What happens during weeks 4-7 of embryonic development of the respiratory system?
Ectodermal tissue from the anterior head region invaginates to form olfactory pits, which fuse with endodermal tissue of the developing pharynx
What happens during weeks 7-16 of embryonic development of the respiratory system?
Bronchi and bronchioles form; fetus now has all major lung structures
What happens during weeks 16-24 of the embryonic development of the respiratory system?
Extensive vascularization, formation of alveolar ducts and alveolar precursors, fetal breathing movements may begin
What happens during week 24-term of the embryonic development of the respiratory system?
Growth and maturation of the respiratory system, sufficient alveolar precursors form so if the baby was born prematurely it can breath on its own
structure in the developing embryo that forms when the laryngotracheal bud extends and branches to form two bulbous structures
Bronchial bud
endoderm of the embryo towards the head region
Foregut
bud forms from the lung bud, has a tracheal end and bulbous bronchial buds at the distal end
laryngotracheal bud
median dome that forms from the endoderm of the foregut
Lung bud
invaginated ectodermal tissue in the anterior portion of the head region of an embryo that will form the nasal cavity
Olfactory pit
muscle contractions that cause the inhalation of amniotic fluid and exhalation of the same fluid, with pulmonary surfactant and mucus
Fetal breathing
What happens to the respiratory system of the fetus as it is born?
As the baby is pushed through the canal, all of the amniotic fluid, surfactant, and mucus is expelled from the lungs
Do fetal lungs function during embryogenesis?
No; dependent on mother’s oxygen
