Chapter 25 Part 2 Flashcards
arteriole carrying blood from the glomerulus to the capillary beds around the convoluted tubules and loop of Henle; portion of the portal system
Efferent arteriole
branches of the efferent arterioles that parallel the course of the loops of Henle and are continuous with the peritubular capillaries; with the glomerulus, form a portal system
Vasa recta
prevent filtration of blood cells or large proteins, but allow most other constituents through
Fenestrations
formed by pedicels of podocytes; substances filter between the pedicels based on size
Filtration slits
cells forming finger-like processes; form the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule; pedicels of the podocytes interdigitate to form a filtration membrane
Podocytes
finger-like projections of podocytes surrounding glomerular capillaries; interdigitate to form a filtration membrane
Pedicel
cells found in the part of the DCT forming the JGA; sense Na+ concentration in the forming urine
Macula densa
located at the juncture of the DCT and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus; plays a role in the regulation of renal blood flow and GFR
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
modified, smooth muscle cell lining the afferent arteriole that can contract or relax in response to ATP or adenosine released by the macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cell
formed by microvilli on the surface of certain cuboidal cells; in the kidney it is found in the PCT; increases surface area for absorption in the kidney
Brush border
How is blood flow regulated to the glomerulus?
when osmolarity goes up, filtration and urine formation decrease and water is retained. When osmolarity goes down, filtration and urine formation increase and water is lost by way of the urine.
descending and ascending portions between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle
consists of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
Renal corpuscle
second capillary bed of the renal portal system; surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; associated with the vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
connects the renal artery to the glomerular capillary network in your kidney’s nephron, starting the filtering process. It also takes action that controls blood pressure.
Afferent arteriole
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
What roles do the endothelium, tight junctions, and fenestrations in capillaries play in filtration?
Prevents large proteins and cells from appearing in the filtrate
Does the plasma membrane play a critical role in the regulation of intracellular fluid composition?
Yes, plasma leaks back into the lymphatic system and gets distributed to different parts of the body
How is blood filtered through the kidney? (Arteries and veins)
renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus (can go to neprhon loop) , efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein
How is blood filtered through the kidney? (nephron loop)
proximal convoluted tube, descending tube, loop of Henle, ascending tube, distal convoluted tube, collecting duct
Hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption promoting the retention of water
Aldosterone
Hormone that constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood
ADH
21 amino acid peptides that are powerful vasoconstrictors
Endothelin
Hormones that promote the excretion of water and sodium
Natriuretic hormones
Hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone
increase water loss by interfering with the recapture of solutes and water from the forming urine
Diuretic hormone
How do the kidneys help with acid-base balance?
secrete hydrogen into the urine as sodium is reabsorbed which helps to raise pH in blood
How is sodium regulated?
regulated by renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and ADH
How is potassium regulated?
regulated by how much sodium is present
How is chloride regulated?
regulation closely mirrors that of Na+
How is calcium regulated?
PTH
How is phosphate regulated?
calcium and PTH
How is bicarbonate regulated?
Lungs convert HCO3 to CO2 which is exhaled
How are nitrogenous wastes regulated?
Breakdown of proteins during metabolism
How are drugs and hormones eliminated?
Urine
How are the kidneys involved in vitamin D synthesis?
In order for vitamin D to become active, it must undergo a hydroxylation reaction in the kidney
