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BI 122 > Chapter 18 (Blood) > Flashcards

Chapter 18 (Blood) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove wastes, defense, distribution of heat, chemical and temperature balance

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2
Q

Why is blood considered a connective tissue?

A

it is made up of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix

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3
Q

Includes WBC, RBC, and platelets

A

Cellular elements

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4
Q

Extracellular matrix of blood

A

Plasma

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5
Q

suspends the formed elements and enables them to circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system

A

Plasma

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6
Q

Measures the percentages of RBC’s

A

Hematocrit

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7
Q

Includes WBC’s, cell fragments, and platelets

A

Buffy coat

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8
Q

The volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation

A

Packed Cell Volume

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9
Q

What is the the normal proportions of plasma in males and females?

A

59% females, 53% males

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10
Q

What is the normal proportions of hematocrit in males and females?

A

37-47% females, 42-52% males

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11
Q

What color is blood when it has just been taken up by oxygen in lungs?

A

Bright red

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12
Q

What color is blood when it has released oxygen into tissues?

A

Dusky red

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13
Q

What is blood viscosity influenced by?

A

presence of the plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood

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14
Q

What causes the temperature of blood to be slightly higher? (100.4)

A

As blood flows through blood vessels it creates friction and resistance

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15
Q

Why should blood have a pH of 7.4?

A

blood contains numerous buffers that actually help to regulate pH

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16
Q

What is the average amount of blood in males and females?

A

4-5 L females, 5-6 L males

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17
Q

transport vehicles for fatty acids and steroid hormones and most significant contributor to the osmotic pressure of blood

A

Albumin

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18
Q

transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells

A

Globulin

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19
Q

essential for blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen

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20
Q

Involved in immunity; antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

A

Immunoglobulin

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21
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

Water, plasma proteins, regulatory proteins, other solutes

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22
Q

What makes up formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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23
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?

A

cranial and pelvic bones, the vertebrae, the sternum, and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus.

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24
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in children?

A

Medullary cavity (red bone marrow)

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25
Q

Production of the formed elements of blood

A

Hemopoiesis

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26
Q

What conditions may the rate vary for hemopoiesis?

A

If bone marrow is damaged, disease, sickness, injury

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27
Q

embryonic stem cell that is capable of differentiating into any and all cells of the body; enabling the full development of an organism

A

Totipotent stem cell

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28
Q

stem cell that derives from totipotent stem cells and is capable of differentiating into many, but not all, cell types

A

Pluripotent stem cell

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29
Q

hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys that prompts the development of megakaryocytes into thrombocytes (platelets)

A

Thrombopoietin

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30
Q

signaling molecules that may function in hemopoiesis, inflammation, and specific immune responses

A

Interleukins

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31
Q

glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)

A

Colony stimulating factors

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32
Q

class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease

A

Cytokines

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33
Q

glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels

A

Erythropoietin

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34
Q

chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells

A

Hemopoietic growth factors

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35
Q

type of pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood (hemocytoblast)

A

Hemopoietic stem cell

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36
Q

type of hemopoietic stem cells that gives rise to lymphocytes, including various T cells, B cells, and NK cells, all of which function in immunity

A

Lymphoid stem cell

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37
Q

type of hemopoietic stem cell that gives rise to some formed elements

A

Myeloid stem cells

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38
Q

Function is to pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body’s tissues, and to pick up some (about 24 percent) carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it to the lungs for exhalation.

A

Erythrocytes

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39
Q

Describe the shape and structure of an erythrocyte

A

Anucleated and biconcave shape

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40
Q

What are the benefits of an erythrocyte having a biconcave shape?

A

Increases surface area for oxygen and gas exchange, helps with flexibility of the RBC going through capillaries

41
Q

What is the molecular structure of hemoglobin?

A

Four folded chains of protein called globin bound to a red pigment called heme

42
Q

compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

43
Q

molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

44
Q

molecule of hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound

A

Oxyhemoglobin

45
Q

below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)

A

Hypoxemia

46
Q

below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)

A

Hypoxemia

47
Q

What are some trace elements that must be present in order for RBC production to occur?

A

Iron, copper, zinc, B vitamins

48
Q

How long do erythrocytes live and what removes worn out RBC?

A

120 days, macrophages

49
Q

What does the non-iron portion of heme degrade into?

A

Biliverdin then bilirubin

50
Q

yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products

A

Bilirubin

51
Q

green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver

A

Biliverdin

52
Q

protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

A

Ferritin

53
Q

protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

A

Hemosiderin

54
Q

phagocytic cell of the myeloid lineage; a matured monocyte

A

Macrophage

55
Q

plasma protein that binds reversibly to iron and distributes it throughout the body

A

Transferrin

56
Q

inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin molecules are malformed, leading to the breakdown of RBCs that take on a characteristic sickle shape

A

Sickle cell anemia

57
Q

What can anemia be caused by? (3)

A

blood loss, faulty or decreased RBC production, and by excessive destruction of RBCs.

58
Q

What is the evolutionary significance of sickle cell anemia and malaria?

A

Those who have the gene for sickle cell anemia are more resistant to malaria

59
Q

the surgical opening or puncture of a vein in order to withdraw blood or introduce a fluid

A

Phlebotomy

60
Q

the puncture of a vein as part of a medical procedure, typically to withdraw a blood sample or for an intravenous injection

A

Venipuncture

61
Q

Why is hemoglobin a huge molecule?

A

Can carry more oxygen

62
Q

protect the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris.

A

Leukocytes

63
Q

essential for the repair of blood vessels when damage to them has occurred; they also provide growth factors for healing and repair

A

Platelets

64
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil

65
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocyte, monocyte

66
Q

granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin

A

Basophil

67
Q

granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms

A

Eosinophils

68
Q

granulocytes that stain with a neutral dye and are the most numerous of the leukocytes; especially active against bacteria

A

Neutrophil

69
Q

agranular leukocytes of the lymphoid stem cell line, many of which function in specific immunity

A

Lymphocytes

70
Q

agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream; tissue monocytes are macrophages

A

Monocyte

71
Q

lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity

A

B lymphocytes

72
Q

cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers; provide generalized, nonspecific immunity

A

Natural Killer cells

73
Q

type of B or T lymphocyte that forms after exposure to a pathogen

A

Memory cell

74
Q

lymphocytes that provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells

A

T lymphocytes

75
Q

Below-normal production of leukocytes

A

Leukopenia

76
Q

Form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues

A

Lymphoma

77
Q

Cancer involving leukocytes; high amount of leukocytes

A

Leukemia

78
Q

What are the 3 steps to hemostasis?

A

vascular spasm, the formation of a platelet plug, and coagulation

79
Q

initial step in hemostasis, in which the smooth muscle in the walls of the ruptured or damaged blood vessel contracts

A

Vascular spasm

80
Q

accumulation and adhesion of platelets at the site of blood vessel injury

A

Platelet plug

81
Q

helps additional platelets to adhere to the injury site, reinforcing and expanding the platelet plug

A

ADP

82
Q

Maintains vasoconstriction

A

Serotonin

83
Q

maintain vasoconstriction and help to activate further clotting chemicals

A

Prostaglandins and phospholipids

84
Q

insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot

A

Fibrin

85
Q

prompt reactions that activate still more coagulation factors; creates a cascade event that forms the fibrin bridge

A

Clotting factors

86
Q

Clotting factors that comes from diet, platelets, and bone matrix that is important for the entire pathway

A

Calcium

87
Q

Vitamin responsible for creating many clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

88
Q

initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway

A

Extrinsic pathway

89
Q

initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway

A

Intrinsic pathway

90
Q

final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot

A

Common pathway

91
Q

What happens during the common pathway?

A

Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, factor XIII stabilizes the clot

92
Q

clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies

A

Agglutination

93
Q

destruction (lysis) of erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation

A

Hemolysis

94
Q

Mother is Rh-; caused by exposure of Rh+ erythrocytes from baby during first pregnancy; second exposure will cause anti-Rh antibodies to attack second baby if it is Rh+.

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

95
Q

Universal blood donor

A

O-

96
Q

Universal blood recepient

A

AB+

97
Q

blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface

A

ABO blood group

98
Q

Explain how the relationship between structure and function can be seen in erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes

A
  • Biconcave shape helps with allowing movement through capillaries and gas exchange
    • Platelets are sticky and stick together for blood clotting
    • Leukocytes have pseudopods that help engulf foreign materials

BI 122 (26 decks)

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