Chapter 18 (Blood) Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of blood?
Deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove wastes, defense, distribution of heat, chemical and temperature balance
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
it is made up of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix
Includes WBC, RBC, and platelets
Cellular elements
Extracellular matrix of blood
Plasma
suspends the formed elements and enables them to circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system
Plasma
Measures the percentages of RBC’s
Hematocrit
Includes WBC’s, cell fragments, and platelets
Buffy coat
The volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation
Packed Cell Volume
What is the the normal proportions of plasma in males and females?
59% females, 53% males
What is the normal proportions of hematocrit in males and females?
37-47% females, 42-52% males
What color is blood when it has just been taken up by oxygen in lungs?
Bright red
What color is blood when it has released oxygen into tissues?
Dusky red
What is blood viscosity influenced by?
presence of the plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood
What causes the temperature of blood to be slightly higher? (100.4)
As blood flows through blood vessels it creates friction and resistance
Why should blood have a pH of 7.4?
blood contains numerous buffers that actually help to regulate pH
What is the average amount of blood in males and females?
4-5 L females, 5-6 L males
transport vehicles for fatty acids and steroid hormones and most significant contributor to the osmotic pressure of blood
Albumin
transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells
Globulin
essential for blood clotting
Fibrinogen
Involved in immunity; antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
Immunoglobulin
What makes up plasma?
Water, plasma proteins, regulatory proteins, other solutes
What makes up formed elements?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?
cranial and pelvic bones, the vertebrae, the sternum, and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus.
Where does hemopoiesis occur in children?
Medullary cavity (red bone marrow)
Production of the formed elements of blood
Hemopoiesis
What conditions may the rate vary for hemopoiesis?
If bone marrow is damaged, disease, sickness, injury
embryonic stem cell that is capable of differentiating into any and all cells of the body; enabling the full development of an organism
Totipotent stem cell
stem cell that derives from totipotent stem cells and is capable of differentiating into many, but not all, cell types
Pluripotent stem cell
hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys that prompts the development of megakaryocytes into thrombocytes (platelets)
Thrombopoietin
signaling molecules that may function in hemopoiesis, inflammation, and specific immune responses
Interleukins
glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)
Colony stimulating factors
class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease
Cytokines
glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels
Erythropoietin
chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells
Hemopoietic growth factors
type of pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood (hemocytoblast)
Hemopoietic stem cell
type of hemopoietic stem cells that gives rise to lymphocytes, including various T cells, B cells, and NK cells, all of which function in immunity
Lymphoid stem cell
type of hemopoietic stem cell that gives rise to some formed elements
Myeloid stem cells
Function is to pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body’s tissues, and to pick up some (about 24 percent) carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it to the lungs for exhalation.
Erythrocytes
Describe the shape and structure of an erythrocyte
Anucleated and biconcave shape
What are the benefits of an erythrocyte having a biconcave shape?
Increases surface area for oxygen and gas exchange, helps with flexibility of the RBC going through capillaries
What is the molecular structure of hemoglobin?
Four folded chains of protein called globin bound to a red pigment called heme
compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
Carbaminohemoglobin
molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it
Deoxyhemoglobin
molecule of hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound
Oxyhemoglobin
below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)
Hypoxemia
below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)
Hypoxemia
What are some trace elements that must be present in order for RBC production to occur?
Iron, copper, zinc, B vitamins
How long do erythrocytes live and what removes worn out RBC?
120 days, macrophages
What does the non-iron portion of heme degrade into?
Biliverdin then bilirubin
yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products
Bilirubin
green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver
Biliverdin
protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen
Ferritin
protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen
Hemosiderin
phagocytic cell of the myeloid lineage; a matured monocyte
Macrophage
plasma protein that binds reversibly to iron and distributes it throughout the body
Transferrin
inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin molecules are malformed, leading to the breakdown of RBCs that take on a characteristic sickle shape
Sickle cell anemia
What can anemia be caused by? (3)
blood loss, faulty or decreased RBC production, and by excessive destruction of RBCs.
What is the evolutionary significance of sickle cell anemia and malaria?
Those who have the gene for sickle cell anemia are more resistant to malaria
the surgical opening or puncture of a vein in order to withdraw blood or introduce a fluid
Phlebotomy
the puncture of a vein as part of a medical procedure, typically to withdraw a blood sample or for an intravenous injection
Venipuncture
Why is hemoglobin a huge molecule?
Can carry more oxygen
protect the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris.
Leukocytes
essential for the repair of blood vessels when damage to them has occurred; they also provide growth factors for healing and repair
Platelets
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil
What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocyte, monocyte
granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin
Basophil
granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms
Eosinophils
granulocytes that stain with a neutral dye and are the most numerous of the leukocytes; especially active against bacteria
Neutrophil
agranular leukocytes of the lymphoid stem cell line, many of which function in specific immunity
Lymphocytes
agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream; tissue monocytes are macrophages
Monocyte
lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity
B lymphocytes
cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers; provide generalized, nonspecific immunity
Natural Killer cells
type of B or T lymphocyte that forms after exposure to a pathogen
Memory cell
lymphocytes that provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells
T lymphocytes
Below-normal production of leukocytes
Leukopenia
Form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues
Lymphoma
Cancer involving leukocytes; high amount of leukocytes
Leukemia
What are the 3 steps to hemostasis?
vascular spasm, the formation of a platelet plug, and coagulation
initial step in hemostasis, in which the smooth muscle in the walls of the ruptured or damaged blood vessel contracts
Vascular spasm
accumulation and adhesion of platelets at the site of blood vessel injury
Platelet plug
helps additional platelets to adhere to the injury site, reinforcing and expanding the platelet plug
ADP
Maintains vasoconstriction
Serotonin
maintain vasoconstriction and help to activate further clotting chemicals
Prostaglandins and phospholipids
insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot
Fibrin
prompt reactions that activate still more coagulation factors; creates a cascade event that forms the fibrin bridge
Clotting factors
Clotting factors that comes from diet, platelets, and bone matrix that is important for the entire pathway
Calcium
Vitamin responsible for creating many clotting factors
Vitamin K
initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway
Extrinsic pathway
initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway
Intrinsic pathway
final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot
Common pathway
What happens during the common pathway?
Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, factor XIII stabilizes the clot
clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies
Agglutination
destruction (lysis) of erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation
Hemolysis
Mother is Rh-; caused by exposure of Rh+ erythrocytes from baby during first pregnancy; second exposure will cause anti-Rh antibodies to attack second baby if it is Rh+.
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Universal blood donor
O-
Universal blood recepient
AB+
blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface
ABO blood group
Explain how the relationship between structure and function can be seen in erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes
- Biconcave shape helps with allowing movement through capillaries and gas exchange
- Platelets are sticky and stick together for blood clotting
- Leukocytes have pseudopods that help engulf foreign materials
