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Bio 145 > Chapter 22 Deck 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Deck 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

________: absence of breathing can occur voluntarily, swallowing or holding your breath, can be drug induced, can result from neurological disease or trauma.

A

apnea

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2
Q

________________: temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

A

sleep apnea

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3
Q

chemoreceptors alter Breathing by sending signals to?

A

respiratory Center

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4
Q

ventilation increases in response to?

A

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors

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5
Q

ventilation increases in response to Central chemoreceptors detecting?

A

increase in H+ concentration of CSF

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6
Q

ventilation increases in response to peripheral chemoreceptors detect an increase in?

A

blood H+

or PCO2

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7
Q

increased ventilation expels more _______ returning conditions to normal

A

Co2

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8
Q

ventilation decreases if chemoreceptors detect decreases in?

A

H+

PCO2

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9
Q

PCO2 = ________________

A

partial pressure of CO2

equivalent to concentration

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10
Q

what is the most important stimulus affecting breathing?

A

blood pco2

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11
Q

co2 fluctuations influence ____________________

A

Central chemoreceptors

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12
Q

CSF lacks ___________ buffers so it’s pH change triggers reflexes

A

protein buffers

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13
Q

CO2 fluctuations influence sensitive Central chemoreceptors however Central chemoreceptors CO2 through changes in ______

A

PH

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14
Q

is blood CO2 a sensitive regulator of breathing?

A

no

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15
Q

aside from chemoreceptors water other sensory receptors involved in reflexes altering breathing?

A
  1. joint and muscle proprioceptors
  2. baroreceptors within visceral pleura and bronchial smooth muscle
  3. irritant receptors initiate sneezing and coughing
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16
Q

_______ receptors initiate sneezing and coughing

A

irritant receptors

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17
Q

the overstretching which initiates inhalation reflex to shut off inspiration and protect against over inflation is detected by what receptors?

A

baroreceptors within visceral pleura and bronchioles muscle

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18
Q

what receptors are stimulated by body movement and Signal respiratory Center to increase breathing depth?

A

proprioceptors of joints and muscles

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19
Q

_________ ______: guards against over inflation shuts off inspiration

A

inhalation reflex

sensed by baroreceptors Within visceral pleura and bronchial smooth muscle

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20
Q

what higher brain centers alter breathing rates and depth?

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. limbic system
  3. frontal lobe of cerebral cortex
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21
Q

what higher brain centers alter breathing rates and depth?

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. limbic system
  3. frontal lobe of cerebral cortex
22
Q

___________ increases breathing rate if body is warm, Works through respiratory Center

A

hypothalamus

23
Q

________: Alters breathing rate in response to emotions, Works through respiratory Center

A

limbic system

24
Q

____________: controls voluntary changes in breathing patterns comma bypasses respiratory Center stimulating lower motor neurons directly

A

frontal lobe

25
Q

which higher brain Center influences breather breathing patterns by passing the respiratory Center?

A

frontal lobe

26
Q

_________: is the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs with each breath

A

airflow

27
Q

air flow is dependent upon what two variables?

A
  1. pressure gradient establish between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure
  2. resistance that occurs due to conditions within the Airways lungs and chest while

pressure gradient
resistance

28
Q

what is the formula for flow?

A

F = ∆P/R

flow = pressure gradient/ resistance

29
Q

flow is _________ related to pressure gradient and ___________ related to resistence

A

directly related to pressure gradient

inversely related to resistence

30
Q

is pressure gradient increases, air flow to the lungs _________

if resistance increases air flow _______

A

increases

lessens

31
Q

resistance to airflow occurs due to conditions within the?

A

Airways, lungs, and chest wall

32
Q

the pressure gradient influencing air flow refers to the pressure relationship between?

A

atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

33
Q

pressure gradient can be changed by altering volume of?

A

thoracic cavity

34
Q

change in bronchial diameter what influence?

A

resistance

35
Q

change in elasticity of chest wall and lungs would alter?

A

resistance

36
Q

collapse of alveoli would alter?

A

resistance

37
Q

what are three diseases that can decrease chest wall elasticity?

A
  1. scoliosis
  2. kyphosis
  3. arthritis in thoracic cage
  4. pulmonary fibrosis- replacement of elastic tissue with scar tissue
38
Q

decrease in chest wall elasticity increases resistance, just Wallace to see decreases with ________ and ______

A

aging and disease

39
Q

a decrease in chest wall last two City caused by the replacement of elastic tissue with scar tissue is called?

A

pulmonary fibrosis

40
Q

________________ or _________ can increase resistance by changing bronchiole diameter.

A

bronchoconstriction or occlusion

41
Q

occlusion of the bronchioles can be caused by excess __________ or __________

A

excess mucus or inflammation

42
Q

bronchiole diameter varies _______ with resistance

A

inversely

43
Q

bronchoconstriction caused by what three things?

A
  1. parasympathetic activity
  2. histamine
  3. cold
44
Q

what can affect resistance?

A
  1. decrease in chest wall elasticity
  2. bronchiole diameter
  3. collapsed alveoli
  4. compliance
45
Q

what is COPD and what does it do to resistence

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- increases resistance

46
Q

_____________ ________: process of moving air into and out of the lungs, Mount of air move between atmosphere and a viola in one minute

A

pulmonary ventilation

47
Q

_____________ = amount of air per breath during quiet breathing

A

tidal volume

48
Q

__________=

number of breaths per minute

A

respiration rate

49
Q

how do you calculate pulmonary ventilation?

A

tidal volume × respiration rate = pulmonary ventilation ( L / minute)

50
Q

what is the typical rate for pulmonary ventilation?

A

6 liters per minute

Bio 145 (24 decks)

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