Chapter 22 Deck 5

Question 1

________: absence of breathing can occur voluntarily, swallowing or holding your breath, can be drug induced, can result from neurological disease or trauma.

Answer 1

apnea

Question 2

________________: temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

Answer 2

sleep apnea

Question 3

chemoreceptors alter Breathing by sending signals to?

Answer 3

respiratory Center

Question 4

ventilation increases in response to?

Answer 4

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 5

ventilation increases in response to Central chemoreceptors detecting?

Answer 5

increase in H+ concentration of CSF

Question 6

ventilation increases in response to peripheral chemoreceptors detect an increase in?

Answer 6

blood H+

or PCO2

Question 7

increased ventilation expels more _______ returning conditions to normal

Answer 7

Co2

Question 8

ventilation decreases if chemoreceptors detect decreases in?

Answer 8

H+

PCO2

Question 9

PCO2 = ________________

Answer 9

partial pressure of CO2

equivalent to concentration

Question 10

what is the most important stimulus affecting breathing?

Answer 10

blood pco2

Question 11

co2 fluctuations influence ____________________

Answer 11

Central chemoreceptors

Question 12

CSF lacks ___________ buffers so it’s pH change triggers reflexes

Answer 12

protein buffers

Question 13

CO2 fluctuations influence sensitive Central chemoreceptors however Central chemoreceptors CO2 through changes in ______

Answer 13

PH

Question 14

is blood CO2 a sensitive regulator of breathing?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

aside from chemoreceptors water other sensory receptors involved in reflexes altering breathing?

Answer 15

1. joint and muscle proprioceptors
2. baroreceptors within visceral pleura and bronchial smooth muscle
3. irritant receptors initiate sneezing and coughing

Question 16

_______ receptors initiate sneezing and coughing

Answer 16

irritant receptors

Question 17

the overstretching which initiates inhalation reflex to shut off inspiration and protect against over inflation is detected by what receptors?

Answer 17

baroreceptors within visceral pleura and bronchioles muscle

Question 18

what receptors are stimulated by body movement and Signal respiratory Center to increase breathing depth?

Answer 18

proprioceptors of joints and muscles

Question 19

_________ ______: guards against over inflation shuts off inspiration

Answer 19

inhalation reflex

sensed by baroreceptors Within visceral pleura and bronchial smooth muscle

Question 20

what higher brain centers alter breathing rates and depth?

Answer 20

1. hypothalamus
2. limbic system
3. frontal lobe of cerebral cortex

Question 21

what higher brain centers alter breathing rates and depth?

Answer 21

1. hypothalamus
2. limbic system
3. frontal lobe of cerebral cortex

Question 22

___________ increases breathing rate if body is warm, Works through respiratory Center

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

________: Alters breathing rate in response to emotions, Works through respiratory Center

Answer 23

limbic system

Question 24

____________: controls voluntary changes in breathing patterns comma bypasses respiratory Center stimulating lower motor neurons directly

Answer 24

frontal lobe

Question 25

which higher brain Center influences breather breathing patterns by passing the respiratory Center?

Answer 25

frontal lobe

Question 26

_________: is the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs with each breath

Answer 26

airflow

Question 27

air flow is dependent upon what two variables?

Answer 27

1. pressure gradient establish between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure 2. resistance that occurs due to conditions within the Airways lungs and chest while pressure gradient resistance

Question 28

what is the formula for flow?

Answer 28

F = ∆P/R flow = pressure gradient/ resistance

Question 29

flow is _________ related to pressure gradient and ___________ related to resistence

Answer 29

directly related to pressure gradient inversely related to resistence

Question 30

is pressure gradient increases, air flow to the lungs _________ if resistance increases air flow _______

Answer 30

increases lessens

Question 31

resistance to airflow occurs due to conditions within the?

Answer 31

Airways, lungs, and chest wall

Question 32

the pressure gradient influencing air flow refers to the pressure relationship between?

Answer 32

atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

Question 33

pressure gradient can be changed by altering volume of?

Answer 33

thoracic cavity

Question 34

change in bronchial diameter what influence?

Answer 34

resistance

Question 35

change in elasticity of chest wall and lungs would alter?

Answer 35

resistance

Question 36

collapse of alveoli would alter?

Answer 36

resistance

Question 37

what are three diseases that can decrease chest wall elasticity?

Answer 37

1. scoliosis 2. kyphosis 3. arthritis in thoracic cage 4. pulmonary fibrosis- replacement of elastic tissue with scar tissue

Question 38

decrease in chest wall elasticity increases resistance, just Wallace to see decreases with ________ and ______

Answer 38

aging and disease

Question 39

a decrease in chest wall last two City caused by the replacement of elastic tissue with scar tissue is called?

Answer 39

pulmonary fibrosis

Question 40

________________ or _________ can increase resistance by changing bronchiole diameter.

Answer 40

bronchoconstriction or occlusion

Question 41

occlusion of the bronchioles can be caused by excess __________ or __________

Answer 41

excess mucus or inflammation

Question 42

bronchiole diameter varies _______ with resistance

Answer 42

inversely

Question 43

bronchoconstriction caused by what three things?

Answer 43

1. parasympathetic activity 2. histamine 3. cold

Question 44

what can affect resistance?

Answer 44

1. decrease in chest wall elasticity 2. bronchiole diameter 3. collapsed alveoli 4. compliance

Question 45

what is COPD and what does it do to resistence

Answer 45

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- increases resistance

Question 46

_____________ ________: process of moving air into and out of the lungs, Mount of air move between atmosphere and a viola in one minute

Answer 46

pulmonary ventilation

Question 47

_____________ = amount of air per breath during quiet breathing

Answer 47

tidal volume

Question 48

__________= | number of breaths per minute

Answer 48

respiration rate

Question 49

how do you calculate pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 49

tidal volume × respiration rate = pulmonary ventilation ( L / minute)

Question 50

what is the typical rate for pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 50

6 liters per minute