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Bio 145 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

________ have specific receptors for a hormone

A

target cells

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2
Q

________ and _______ systems are the two control systems of the body

A

endocrine and nervous

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3
Q

________ _________ composed of ductless glands that sythisize hormones

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

both endocrine and nervous systems release _________ _________ referred to as ________

A

chemical messengers referred to as ligands

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5
Q

unlike the nervous system the endocrine system transmits hormones through ________

A

the blood

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6
Q

unlike the nervous system the endocrine system targets _____ ______ in the body with the correct _______

A

any cell with the correct receptors

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7
Q

unlike the nervous system the effects of the endocrine system last _______ and exhibit ______ reaction times

A

longer and exhibit longer reaction times

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8
Q

effects of the ________ system tend to be localized and effects of the _________ system tend to be more widespread

A

nervous system has more localized effects

effects of the endocrine system are more widespread

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9
Q

what are four general functions of the endocrine system?

A

1) regulating development, growth, and metabolism
2) maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
3) controlling digestive processes
4) controlling reproductive activities

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10
Q

some glands are _______ ________ with solely endocrine function

A

endocrine organs

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11
Q

glands that are not endocrine organs are found in _______ which serve _______ ________.

A 
organs which serve other functions 
• hypothalamus
• skin 
• liver 
• stomach 
• pancreas 
• small intestine 
• Adipose tissue 
• kidneys 
• gonads
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12
Q

what are five examples of endocrine organs?

A

1) pituitary
2) Pineal
3) Thyroid
4) parathyroid
5) Adrenal

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13
Q 
hypothalamus 
skin 
thymus 
kidneys 
heart 
pancreas 
testis 
ovaries 
stomach 
small intestines

Are all examples of organs containing ________ _____

A

endocrine glands

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14
Q

________are lipid -soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol

A

steroids

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15
Q

what are three types of endocrine stimulation?

A

1) hormonal
2) humoral
3) nervous

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16
Q

during ______stimulation a gland cell releases hormone when it binds to some other hormone

A

hormonal

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17
Q

during ______stimulation a gland releases its hormone when there is a certain change in levels of nutrient or ion in the blood

A

humoral stimulation

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18
Q

during ______stimulation a gland cell releases its hormone when a neuron stimulates it

A

nervous stimulation

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19
Q

what are three categories of circulating hormones?

A

1) steroids
2) biogenic amines
3) proteins

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20
Q

which category of circulating hormones includes catecholamines thyroid hormone and melatonin?

A

biogenic amines

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21
Q

true or false proteins are category of circulating hormones which are lipid soluble

A

false

proteins are water-soluble

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22
Q

true or false, biogenic amines are category of circulating hormone which are water-soluble except for thyroid hormone?

A

true

biogenic amines are water soluble with the exception the thyroid hormone

23
Q

most hormones are in what category of circulating hormones?

24
Q

__________ are a category of circulating hormones that are composed of water-soluble chains of amino acids.

25
what two groups of circulating hormones are water soluble?
proteins and biogenic amines
26
what category of circulating hormones are lipid soluble?
steroids
27
___________ are circulating hormones that are derived from amino acids that have been modified.
biogenic amines
28
the three subgroups, small peptides, large polypeptides and glycoproteins all belong to which category of circulating hormone?
proteins
29
norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormone, melatonin are all circulating hormones which belong to the category of ____________.
biogenic amines
30
antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, erythropoietin are all examples of circulating hormones which belong to which category?
proteins
31
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone are all hormones which belong to which category of circulating hormones?
steroids
32
Signaling molecules that don't circulate in the blood but bind to neighboring cells or the cells that release them are called _______ ______
local hormones
33
___________: local hormone formed from fatty acids in membranes
eicosanoids
34
what are two types of eicosanoid effects?
1) autocrine stimulation- same cell | 2) paracrine stimulation- neighboring cell
35
when eicosanoids effect on the same cell where the messenger was formed it is called _________ stimulation
autocrine stimulation
36
when eicosanoids effect on neighboring cells is referred to as __________ stimulation
Paracrine stimulation
37
Eicosanoids are __________ ___________ formed from fatty acids in membranes
local hormones
38
prostaglandins are eicosanoids which stimulate_______ and________ responses
pain and inflammatory responses
39
aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs block __________ formation therefore blocking pain and inflammatory responses
prostaglandin
40
lipid soluble hormones use __________ to be transported in the blood
carrier molecules
41
carrier molecules are water soluble _________ made by the liver.
proteins
42
true or false, most water soluble hormones travel freely through the blood timer but a few use carrier proteins to prolong their life.
true, most water soluble hormones do travel freely through the blood without the assistance of carrier proteins.
43
prostaglandins are _________ which stimulate pain inflammatory response.
eicosanoids
44
receptors for lipid soluble molecules are found in the ________ or _________. the hormone binds to its receptor and forms hormone- receptor complex
receptors for lipid soluble hormones are found in the cytosol OR nucleus of a cell cytosol or nucleus *
45
once a lipid soluble hormone enters the cell it binds to receptors in the cytosol OR nucleus and forms the _________-________ ________.
hormone - receptor complex
46
the hormone receptor complex binds to a hormone response element of __________
DNA
47
The Binding of a hormone receptor complex with a hormone response element of DNA results in _________ of an _________ which is then translated to a protein.
transcription of an mRNA.
48
The Binding of a hormone receptor complex to a hormone response aliment of DNA resulting in transcription and translation to a protein may have __________ or __________ effects
structural or metabolic The Binding of a hormone receptor complex to a hormone response element of DNA results in transcription of mRNA and translation to a protein. the resulting protein may have structural or metabolic effects.
49
since water soluble hormones are polar and cannot diffuse through the cellular membrane they use a _________ ___________ pathway.
signal transduction pathway. water soluble molecules use a signal transduction Pathway to reach Target receptor
50
in the signal transduction pathway used by water soluble hormones the hormone is the ____ __________ it initiates events by binding to receptor
first messenger
51
in the signal transduction pathway, binding of the first messenger / hormone to the receptor activates a _____________. ( an internal membrane protein that binds a guanine nucleotide)
G-protein
52
activation of the G protein results in binding of _____ instead of ______.
GTP GDP guanosine triphosphate instead of guanosine diphosphate
53
G protein activation causes activation of a membrane enzyme such as. _________ ________ or phospholipase C
adenylate cyclase G protein activation causes activation of a membrane enzyme such as adenylate cyclase or phospholipid C
54
after G protein activation causes activation of a membrane enzyme, the activated enzyme catalyzes the formation of a _______ _________ - a chemical that modifies cellular activity
second messenger activated enzyme catalyzes the formation of a second messenger

Bio 145 (24 decks)

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