Chapter 17 Deck 2 Flashcards
after activated G protein activates adenylate cyclase, adenylate cyclase generates _________.
__________ activates protein kinase A.
cAMP
cAMP.
in the adenylate cyclase pathway after Camp activates protein kinase a, protein kinase A ___________ other molecules.
phosphorylates
in the phospholipase C pathway a hormone binds to its receptor, G protein is activated, activated G protein activates _____________ which then splits PIP² into DAG and IP³.
phospholipase C
in the phospholipid C pathway DAG is a _______ ___________ of the membrane that activates protein kinase see, which phosphorylates other molecules
second messenger
what are two secondary Messengers in the phospholipase C pathway?
DAG and IP³
DAG and IP³ are the result of phospholipase C splitting PIP², which has been activated by an activated G protein.
in the phospholipase C pathway IP³ is a second messenger that causes an increase in levels of ____. ______ acts as a third messenger activating kinases and interacting with ion channels.
Ca²+. Ca²+
an example of a third messenger in the phospholipase C pathway is _______.
Ca²+
what are five possible actions of water-soluble hormones from activation of different signal transduction pathways?
1) enzymes can be activated or inhibited
2) growth can be stimulated ( cellular devision)
3) cellular secretions can be released
4) membrane permeability can be changed
5) muscles can be contracted or relaxed
action of water soluble hormones. __________ is released from pancreas when blood sugar is low.
glucagon
When glucagon is released, it binds to receptors in membranes of liver cells. liver cell increases ________ synthesis, activating kinase A phosphorylates other enzymes.
cAMP
_________ is released from ________ ________ during labor and delivery
oxytocin, posterior pituitary
during labor and delivery oxytocin is released from posterior pituitary. it binds receptors of smooth muscle cells in the ________.
uterus
act after oxytocin binds receptors of smooth muscle cells in the uterus, muscle cells increase production of _____ increasing intracellular _____
IP³, increasing intracellular Ca²+
uterine muscle contractions strengthen to expel baby
what affects Target sells degree of cellular response? __________: increases number of receptors, increasing sensitivity to hormone
Up- regulation: increases number of receptors, increasing sensitivity to hormone
what affects target cells degree of cellular response? ___________: decreases number of receptors, decreasing sensitivity to hormone.
Down-regulation : decreases number of receptors, decreasing sensitivity to hormone.
