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Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What was a time of dramatic changes in agriculture, industry, and technology that swept through Great Britain and America?

A

Industrial Revolution

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2
Q

What was the period of great progress of Western civilization?

A

Age of Industry

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3
Q

What is complete change or tuning around?

A

revolution

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4
Q

When was the Age of Industry?

A

from about 1760 to 1900

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5
Q

What is growing just enough food of feed their own families?

A

subsistence farming

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6
Q

What is the most critical factor in determining how far a nation may advance?

A

mastery of the food supply

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7
Q

What gave work a new sense of nobility?

A

the Great Awakening

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8
Q

What is the way of life based on the biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and that all wok is a noble duty to be performed toward God?

A

Protestant work ethic

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9
Q

What means that a different crop was planted in a field each year?

A

rotation

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10
Q

What agricultural invention was developed by the English?

A

seed drill

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11
Q

Who developed the seed drill?

A

Jethro Tull

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12
Q

What was the agricultural American invention that became the most popular in America?

A

steel plow

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13
Q

Who patented the steel plow?

A

John Deere

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14
Q

What enabled American farmers to harvest six times more land that they could by hand?

A

reaper

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15
Q

Who developed the reaper?

A

Cyrus McCormick

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16
Q

What made it possible to separate grain from chaff more efficiently?

A

thresher

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17
Q

What is the agricultural invention that combined the thresher and the reaper into one machine?

A

combine

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18
Q

What was the system in which work was done in small private shops?

A

domestic system

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19
Q

What was the system in which ever-increasing numbers of people were employed to produce manufactured goods in a systemic way for wages?

A

factory system

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20
Q

Which country had the largest non-farming labor supply at the end of the 18th centruy?

A

England

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21
Q

What are wages as compared to the cost of living?

A

real wages

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22
Q

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

A

the textile factories

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23
Q

What was the invention that allowed one person to weave bolts of cloth?

A

flying shuttle

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24
Q

Who invented the flying shuttle?

A

John Kay

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25
What was the invention on which cotton alone could be spun into thread?
spinning frame
26
Who invented the spinning frame?
Richard Arkwright
27
What was the invention that automatically spin fiber into thread?
spinnign jenny
28
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
29
What was the invention that combined the spinning jenny and the spinning frame?
spinning mule
30
Who invented the spinning mule?
Samuel Crompton
31
What replaced hand-weaving?
power loom
32
Who invented the power loom?
Edmund Crompton
33
What was the movement that forced many peasant farmers off the land but enabled landholders to control the breeding of livestock?
Enclose Movement
34
Who make cotton inexpensive for the English textile mills and invented the cotton gin?
Eli Whitney
35
What was the invention that made it possible for on plantation slave to do the work that had previously required 50 slaves?
cotton gin
36
Who was the Scotsman who developed a practical, coal-burning steam engine?
James Watt
37
What do improvements in technology always improve upon or add to?
other natural resources
38
What was the most important invention for the saftly of coal miners?
miner's safety lamp
39
Who was the English chemist who invented the miner's safety lamp?
Humphry Davy
40
Who was an Englishman who discovered an inexpensive process for converting iron into steel by using currents of air?
Henry Bessemer
41
Who was an American who discovered an inexpensive process for converting iron into steel by using currents of air?
William Kelly
42
What is the process of converting iron into steel by using currents of air?
Bessemer process
43
What was one of the solutions to transportation problems?
canals
44
What is the most famous canal that connect Lake Erie to the Hudson River?
Erie Canal
45
Which canal joined the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea through which international trade flourished?
Suez Canal
46
What were long, lean sailing vessels known for their tremendous speed on the high seas?
clipper ships
47
What eventually surpassed clipper ships?
steamships
48
What was the first practical steamship which sailed 150 miles up the Hudson River in 1807?
Clermont
49
Who was the American inventor who built the first practical steamship?
Robert Fulton
50
Who was an English inventor who built the first practical steam-powered locomotive?
George Stevenson
51
What was another new form of transportation that appeared in the 19th century?
railroad
52
Who perfected a gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine in Germany?
Gottlieb Daimler
53
Who was another German who unveiled his diesel engine?
Rudolf Diesel
54
What type of engine was powerful enough for larger vehicles such as locomotives and even ships?
diesel engine
55
Who was an innovator in Germany who developed one of the first modern automobliles?
Karl Benz
56
Who was an innovator in America who developed one of the first modern automobiles?
Henry Ford
57
Who perfected the electric telegraph?
Samuel Morse
58
Who laid the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable?
Cyrus Field
59
Who invented the telegraph?
Alexander Graham Bell
60
Who invented the wireless telegraph?
Guglielmo Marconi
61
What was one of the most important modes of long-distance communication?
radio
62
Who proposed the atomic theory?
John Dalton
63
What is the theory that all matter is composed of sub-molecular particles called atoms?
atomic theory
64
Who discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetisms, which led to the invention of the electric motor and the electric generator?
Michael Faraday
65
Who helped formulate the laws of thermodynamics and introduced an absolute scale for measuring temperature?
Lord Kelvin
66
Who laid the foundation for electrical engineering by mathematically explaining electrical force?
James Clerk Maxwell
67
Who was a French physicist who experimented with radioactivity and discovered two new elements - polonium and radium?
Pierre Curie
68
Who was the wife of Pierre Curie who helped with his discoveries?
Marie
69
Who developed the first vaccine?
Edward Jenner
70
Who discovered the germ theory of disease and pateruization?
Louis Pasteur
71
What is the theory that every infectious disease is caused by a specific germ?
germ theory of disease
72
Who introduced the use of antiseptics to fight germs following surgery?
Joseph Lister
73
Who was perhaps the greatest inventor in history?
Thomas Alva Edison
74
Where was the first modern scientific laboratory?
Menlo Park
75
Which of Edison's inventions has had the most profound effect upon modern society?
incandescent electric light bulb
76
What is the total output of goods and services/
Gross National Products
77
What is an economic system in which there is private ownership of the means of production?
capitalism
78
What is an economic system in which investments are determined by private decision rather than by the state?
capitalism
79
What is an economic system in which prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined mainly in a free market rather than by state control?
capitalism
80
What is capitalism also called?
free enterprise
81
Why is capitalism also called free enterpirse?
because it leaves the individual free to make something of himself if he has the enterprise to do it
82
What was the war in which the United States clearly displayed its new position?
Spanish-American War
83
What helped further prove America's status as a world power, greatly expanding American influence in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific?
Panama Canal
84
Who was an industrial giant in the oil industry?
John D. Rockefeller
85
What was an industrial giant in the steel industry?
Andrew Carnegie
86
What became famous and immensely rich in banking?
J.P. Morgan
87
What means "love of mankind"?
philanthropy
88
Who was the author of Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
89
What is the book that espoused a philosophy that individual freedom in economics leads to the greatest good, not only for the individual but for society as a whole?
Wealth of Nations
90
What is the economic system in which the government controls the nation's trade through tariffs and regulations to feed the national treasury?
mercantilism
91
What is trade without government interference?
free trade
92
When was the Wealth of Nations written?
1776

History (25 decks)

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