Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four great nations where centralized governments became most relevant?
A
England, France, Spain, and Portugal
2
Q
What were the earliest known inhabitants of the British Isles who were descendants of people from the European mainland?
A
Celts
3
Q
What was a special group of the British Isles who acted as teachers, judges, and priests who conducted religious ceremonies which included human sacrifice?
A
Druids
4
Q
What is a mysterious monument that still stands in southern Europe that may have been an ancient Celtic worship site and observatory?
A
Stonehenge
5
Q
Who were the three Germanic tribes that were from the region south of Denmark?
A
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
6
Q
What is the legendary Celtic hero and king?
A
King Arthur
7
Q
What is the name that the Angles gave to the southern parts of Britan where they were settled?
A
England
8
Q
Who were wondering poets who devised long poems about war heroes and chanted them to their tribal chiefs for entertainment?
A
scops
9
Q
What was the greatest Saxon poem?
A
Beowulf
10
Q
What was a missionary appointed by Pope Gregory who became the first archbishop of Canterbury?
A
Augustine
11
Q
What is the most influential church office in England?
A
archbishop of Canterbury
12
Q
When did England officially accept Romanism?
A
664
13
Q
What was the new group of Vikings who began to invade England?
A
Danes
14
Q
What was the leading Saxons kingdom that the Danes controlled?
A
Wessex
15
Q
What was the first great king of England?
A
Alfred
16
Q
What was the northern part os England that Alfred confined the Danes to?
A
Danelaw
17
Q
What was a running account of current events?
A
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
18
Q
What was an important town located on the Thames River in southeastern Britain where Alfred the Great occupied?
A
London
19
Q
Who was the king who ruled England, Denmark, and Norway as a great empire after England fell to the Danes?
A
Canute the Dane
20
Q
Who was the earliest known Anglo-Saxon poet who lived during the latter half of the 7th century and wrote poetic paraphrases of the Scriptures as songs for people to sing?
A
Caedmon
21
Q
Who wrote An Ecclesiastical History of the English People and originated the B.C./A.D. division of history?
A
Bede
22
Q
What is now an important source of British history that Bede wrote?
A
An Ecclesiastical History of the English People
23
Q
Who was the Saxon king who returned to the throne of England with the help of English nobles?
A
Edward the Confessor
24
Q
Who was the most powerful among the English nobles who was made king and was king during the Norman Conquest?
A
Harold Godwin
25
What was the battle where William decided to settle the issue of king in battle and mat Harold's forces?
Battle of Hastings
26
When did the Battle of Hastings take place?
1066
27
Who was Edward to Confessor's kinsman who was a duke of Normandy and conquered Harold Godwin?
William the Conqueror
28
What did William's victory at the Battle of Hastings become known as?
Norman Conquest
29
What is a count of people and property?
census
30
Where were the results of the census recorded?
Domesday Book
31
What was the old assemble of nobles that William replaced?
Witan
32
What was a body composed of his chief vassals that replaced he Witan?
Great Council
33
Who was the most important Norman king after William the Conqueror?
Henry I
34
What promised to end heavy taxation of the nobles and the church?
Charter of Liberties
35
What was a group of nobles and administrators who looked after the government's finances and acted a judge over revenue matters?
Exchequer
36
Who was the grandson of Henry I who began the Plantagenet line of kings?
Henry II
37
What line of kings was so named for the sprig of the boom plant that Henry's father Geoffrey wore in his hat?
Plantagenet
38
What was laws common to all Enlglishmen?
common law
39
What was a group of people called to give a verdict, or true statement, in regard to a legal matter?
trial by jury
40
Who was Henry II's son and successor who earned the name Lion-Hearted from his exploits?
Richard I
41
What was the name that King Richard I earned for himself because of his exploits?
Lion-Hearted
42
Who was Richard's mother who maintained the realm while Richard was absent and was aided by the stable government and justice system that her husband Henry II had established?
Eleanor of Aquitain
43
Who was the king following Richard's death who was the most hated king in English history?
King John
44
Who was the king of France who used John's bad behavior as an excuse to declare that the English kind had broken the promises as a vassal?
Philip Augustus
45
Who is the only person in history who has held the title of both Queen of France and Queen of England?
Eleanor of Aquitaine
46
What was the meadow outside of London where the noblemen and clergy presented John with the Magna Carter?
Runnymede
47
When was the Magna Carta signed by King John at Runnymede?
1215
48
What means Great Charter and made it clear that not even the king is above the law and if he violated the law, he could be rightfully forced to obey?
Magna Carta
49
What is a written plan that sets up a form of government and establishes its basic governing principles?
constitution
50
What are rules for exercise and restraint of governemental power?
constitution
51
Who was John's son who was a better man than his father but was a weak king who made many mistakes?
Henry III
52
Who took control of the government and called the first meeting of Parliament?
Simon de Montfort
53
When did Simon de Montfort call the first meeting of Parliament?
1265
54
What planted the seed that would grow into English representative government?
the first meeting of Parliament
55
Who was Henry III's son who was the first pure Englishman to sit on the throne since the Norman Conquest?
Edward I
56
What was established by Edward I and instituted representative government becoming a regular feature of the English government?
Model Parliament
57
What were precise petitions that the members of Parliament presented to the king for his enactment before their would agree to new taxes?
bills
58
Who proved an unworthy successor to his father Edward I and repudiated a series of promises he made to rule justly, causing Parliament to abdicate him?
Edward II
59
Who was the young son of Edward II who was set up s king under who Parliament divided into two institutions?
Edward III
60
What was the highland region west of England?
Wales
61
Who was the Prince of Wales who refused to render homage to Edward I?
Llewellyn
62
What is the title given to the eldest son and heir of Wales?
Prince of Wales
63
What was an outlaw knight who is the national hero of Scotland?
Sir Willaim Wallace
64
Who represented the Scottish nobles and defeated Edward II at the great Battle of Bannockburn?
Robert the Bruce
65
What was the battle where England suffered the most appalling disaster since the Norman Conquest?
Battle of Bannockburn
66
What was the war in which the kings of England and France fought over English claims to French land on the continent?
Hundred Years' War
67
What are the dates for the Hundred Years' War?
1337-1453
68
What were the cities where England won several famous battles during the Hundred Years' War?
Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt
69
Who was a peasant girl who claimed to hear "heavenly voices" and led the French army into battle during the Hundred Years' War?
Joan of Arc
70
What was the port that England was able to keep after their defeat in the Hundred Years' War?
Calais
71
Who was the last Plantagenet king who lost the throne during the Hundred Years' War because he decided to play tyrant?
Richard II
72
Who was the king who replaced Richard II and began the dynasty of the House of Lancaster?
Henry IV
73
Besides the House of Lancaster, what was the other noble family who claimed the throne and ensued civil war?
House of York
74
What was the war between the Yorks and Lancasters?
War of the Roses
75
When did the War of the Roses begin?
1455
76
Who was the duke of York who became king during the War of the Roses?
Edward IV
77
What was the battle that ended the War of the Roses when Henry Tudor, who was related to the Lancasters, defeated the last York ruler?
Battle of Bosworth Field
78
What did Henry Tudor change his name to when he won the War of the Roses?
Henry VII
79
When did the Battle of Bosworth Field take place?
1485
80
Who was the first Tudor king of England who united the Houses of Lancaster and York through marriage?
Henry VII
81
What nation won the Hundred Years' War?
France
82
What country was named for the Franks and began to develop as an individual kingdom after the Treaty of Verdun?
France
83
Who was elected by the French nobles to be king following the death of the last Carolingian king?
Hugh Capet
84
When was Hugh Capet elected as king?
987
85
What line of kings did Hugh Capet begin?
Capetian
86
What marked the beginning of the modern French nation?
the election of Hugh Capet as king of France
87
What was the tiny patch of land that the king controlled?
Ile-de-France
88
Who strengthened the king's power in Ile-de-France, causing the Capetians to be ready to challenge the nobles' power?
Louis VI
89
Who made the French monarchy stronger that any other single noble in France?
Philip II
90
Who was Philip II's grandson who became one of France's most memorable king?
Louis IX
91
What was the king who quarreled with Pope Boniface VIII over whether the king could tax the clergy without the pope's consent and whether the clergy should be subject to trial in ordinary court of law?
Philip IV
92
Who was the pope that Philip IV quarreled with?
Pope Boniface VIII
93
What was the French version of Parliament that was called during the conflict between Philip IV and Boniface VIII?
Estates-General
94
What was the house that claimed the French throne after the last Capetian died in 1328?
House of Valois
95
What is the peninsula in western Europe where Spain and Portugal are located?
Iberian Peninsula
96
What was the capital of France?
Paris
97
Who were the Iberian Peninsula's earliest known inhabitants?
Iberians
98
What was the large, prosperous city in the ancient world that exists today and was founded by the Phoenicians?
Cádiz
99
What did the Romans call Spain after they conquered it from the Carthaginians?
Hispania
100
Who did the Romans conquer Spain from?
the Carthaginians
101
What was a Germanic tribe that swept over the Pyrenees into Spain and conquered the Romans?
Visigoths
102
Who were Muslims from North Africa who crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, invaded Spain in 711, and conquered Spain from the Visigoths?
Moors
103
When did the Moors conquer Spain from the Visigoths?
711
104
What was the great center of Moorish culture and Spain's capital at the time which thrives with a population of nearly half a million people?
Cordova
105
What was the most famous fortified palace in Spain?
Alhambra
106
What are fortified palaces called?
alcazars
107
What occurred when small kingdoms began to wage their own crusades to take back Spain from the Moors?
Reconquista
108
What was the kingdom that became the most powerful and led the other kingdoms in conquering the northen half of Spain?
Castile
109
Who is the Spanish national hero who fought against the Muslims and captured the city of Valencia?
El Cid
110
Where were the Moors eventually driven to?
Grenada
111
What was the kingdom that ruled the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula?
Aragon
112
Who were the two monarchs who reigned during Colombus' discovery of the New World?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
113
What was the year in which Ferdinand and Isabella compelled Grenada to surrender?
1492
114
Who was the Italian navigator who discovered the New World?
Christopher Colombus
115
When did Christopher Colombus discover the New World?
1492
116
Who wrote a grammar book that became the basis for the modern Spanish language?
Antonio de Nebrija
117
When did Antonio de Nebrija write a grammar book that became the basis for the modern Spanish language?
1492
118
What was instigated to root up and destroy all "heretics" in Spain?
Spanish Inquisition
119
Who was the first Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition?
Torquemada
120
Where did the Phoenicians and Greeks who came to the Iberian Peninsula settle?
Portugal
121
What did the Romans call Portugal?
Lusitania
122
Who was the first king of Portugal under whom Portugal became an independent nation?
Alfonso Henriques
123
What was made the capital of Portugal by Alfonso?
Lisbon
124
Whose reign marked the beginning of Portugal's greatest days of glory?
John I
125
What has modern European civilizations has sometimes been called?
Western Civilization
126
What was the age called when the nations of Europe began in earnest to explore distant lands across uncharted seas?
Age of Exploration
127
Who was a Viking adventurer who is believed to have sailed to America around A.D. 1000?
Leif Ericson
128
What was the East also called?
the Orient
129
What was a device used to determine navigational location by measuring the angles of celestial bodies above the horizon?
astrolabe
130
Who was the son of an Italian merchant who traveled to China and most of Asia?
Marco Polo
131
What was a major objective of the Age of Exploration?
finding a sea route to the Far East
132
Who was the son of King John I who urged Portugues explorers to sail into uncharted waters beyond Africa and establish new trade routes to the Orient?
Prince Henry the Navigator
133
Who sailed all the way to the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa?
Bartolomeu Dias
134
Who was the first European to reach the Far East by sea?
Vasco de Gama
134
Who was an Italian-born adventurer who discovered the New World?
Chistopher Colombus
135
What were the three tiny ships that Colombus used to sail to the New World?
Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria
136
What was teh day that Colombus discovered the New World?
October 12, 1492
137
What was the island that Colombus landed on the in the New World?
San Salvador
138
What was the colony that Colombus founded on Hispaniola?
Santo Domingo
139
Who was an Italian sailor for whom America was named?
Amerigo Vespucci
140
What was the Far East sometimes called?
the Indies
141
What did Christopher Colombus call the Indigenous peoples that he encountered because he believed that he had arrived in the Indies?
Indians
142
What was the first tribe encountered by Columbus at San Salvador?
Arawak
143
What was another tribe that Colombus dealt with for whom the Caribbean Sea is named?
Carib
144
What tribe built the first great civilization in the Western Hemisphere and lived in the area of the Yucatan Peninsula?
Maya
145
What was the most important civilization in South America who lived in the Andes mountains of Peru?
Inca
146
What was the capital city of the Incan kingdom?
Cuzco
147
What was the language developed by the Incas that is still spoken today by many Peruvians?
Quechua
148
What was the most powerful empire in the Western Hemisphere at the beginning of the Age of Exploration?
Aztecs
149
What was the capital city of the Aztecs that was built on an island in a shallow lake where Mexico City is located today?
Tenochtitlán
150
What were Spanish explorers called?
conquistadors
151
Who made the first Spanish landing on the North American mainland when he discovered Florida while searching for the legendary "fountain of youth"?
Ponce de Leon
152
Who crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco de Balboa
153
Who was a Portuguese sailor employed by Spain who embarked on a three-year voyage around the world?
Ferdinand Magellan
154
When did Magellan embark on his voyage around the world?
1519
155
What is the strait at the tipe of South America that Magellan sailed through?
Strait of Magellan
156
What means to sail around?
circumnavigate
157
Who began the Spanish conquest of the American mainland when he landed in Mexico and conquered the Aztecs?
Hernando Cortez
158
Who was the powerful chieftain of the Aztecs who was chief when conquered by Cortez?
Montezuma II
159
Who conquered the Inca of Peru?
Franciso Pizarro
160
Who led a futile quest to find legendary cities made of gold and had a party of men who discovered the Grand Canyon?
Francisco Coronado
161
Who explored the southeastern United States and discovered the Mississippi River?
Hernando de Soto
162
Who was a Portuguese employed by Spain who explored the coast of California?
Juan Cabrillo
163
What was the imaginary line drawn by Pope Alexander VI to end the rivalry between Portugal and Spain over territory in the New World?
Line of Demarcation
164
When did Pope Alexander VI draw the Line of Demarcation?
1493
165
Who was a Portuguese sailor who was blown off course by a storm in the Atlantic and discovered Brasil?
Pedro Cabral
166
What began Portugal's empire in the New World?
the discovery of Brasil
167
Who was a supposed water route through North America to the Pacific?
Northwest Passage
168
Who explored for France the eastern coast of North America from North Carolina to Nova Scotia, Canada?
Giovanni de Varrazano
169
Who led an expedition that discovered the St. Lawrence River?
Jacques Cartier
170
Who was an Italian navigator in the service of King Henry VII of England who became the first modern explorers to reach the North American mainland?
John Cabot
171
When did John Cabot explore the North American mainland?
1497
172
Where specifically in the North American mainland did John Cabot explore that gave England a major claim to territory in the New World?
Newfoundland
