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History > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was a way of life based upon the ownership and use of land?

A

feudalism

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2
Q

What was the piece of land held by one man?

A

fief

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3
Q

Who was the fief owner who permitted another man to use his fief in return for certain promised services?

A

lord

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4
Q

What was the man who was permitted to work on the fief?

A

vassal

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5
Q

Who was the man who was at the top of the feudal system?

A

king

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6
Q

What was the part of land that the king kept for his own personal use?

A

crown land

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7
Q

Who provided the heart of military force of the various kingdoms in western Europe?

A

knights

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8
Q

What was the code of conduct for the nobility and the knights?

A

chivalry

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9
Q

Name three of the good qualities that chivalry stressed?

A

courage, strength, and loyalty

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10
Q

What was certain colorful and unique symbols, emblems, and designs displayed on armor, shields, and banners?

A

heraldry

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11
Q

What was a family’s distinct display of heraldry?

A

coat of arms

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12
Q

What were large, dimly lit, heavily fortified dwellings made of stone and bricks?

A

castles

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13
Q

What was a large, protective trench of water that surrounded many castles?

A

moat

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14
Q

What was a bridge that could be raised or lowered to enter a castle?

A

drawbridge

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15
Q

When a knight began training at around the age of seven, what was he called?

A

page

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16
Q

When a knight was training and was about fifteen and sixteen, what was he called?

A

squire

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17
Q

What are some instruments that could have been used to attack castles?

A

battering rams, catapults, and trebuchets

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18
Q

What was the sport in which two knights fought to known each other off their respective horses?

A

joust

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19
Q

What was the main favorite sport of the nobles?

A

war

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20
Q

What was the sport in which groups of knights fought a mock battle that lasted an entire day and ranged over the whole countryside?

A

touraments

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21
Q

What was a favorite kind of hunting in which falcons were trained to hunt small game such as ducks or rabbits?

A

falconry

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22
Q

Who were musicians who played stringed instruments and sang ballads of love and war?

A

minstrels

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23
Q

During the Middle Ages, did the vast majority of people in Europe live in castles and have energy for games?

A

no

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24
Q

What were the estates that belonged to the nobles, ranging in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres?

A

manors

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25
Q

Who were the farmers of the manors?

A

serfs

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26
Q

What was the lord’s fields called?

A

demesne

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27
Q

Who supervised the overall running of the manor and acted as judge in the manor’s court?

A

steward

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28
Q

Who supervised the cultivation of the lord’s demesne, collected rents, and inspected the serf’s work?

A

bailiff

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29
Q

What was is called when the church forbade fighting from Friday through Sunday each week?

A

Truce of God

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30
Q

What was it called was priests denied the sacraments to persons who robbed churches, took a serf’s property, or killed noncombatants during battles?

A

Peace of God

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31
Q

What were trips to certain holy places that people would travel to in an effort to prove their piety?

A

pilgrimages

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32
Q

What was the pilgrimage considered most valuable for earning one’s salvation?

A

a visit to the Holy Land

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33
Q

Who proclaimed the beginning of crusades in 1095?

A

Pope Urban II

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34
Q

What was the beginning of the crusades proclaimed?

A

1095

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35
Q

What were the trips called whose purpose was to capture the Holy Land from the Muslims to holding it for Christendom?

A

crusades

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36
Q

What was the crusade that took place before the official first crusade in which a group of 15,000 to 20,000 people who were mostly simple farmers embarked on but were utterly destroyed?

A

Peasants’ Crusade

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37
Q

Which of the crusades had many great European nobles at the forefront?

A

First Crusade

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38
Q

What did the First Crusade accomplish?

A

it was able to recapture the Holy Land and divide it into four small kingdoms

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39
Q

Which of the crusades was begun when the Muslims retook Edessa?

A

Second Crusades

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40
Q

What did the Second Crusade accomplish?

A

nothing

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41
Q

What were the Muslims also called?

A

Saracens

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42
Q

Who was the energetic monk who was called upon by the pope to preach of the need for Europeans to take up the cross again?

A

Bernard of Clairvaux

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43
Q

Who were the two powerful monarchs of the day who led the Second Cursade?

A

Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany

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44
Q

Who was the renowned sultan of Egypt who captured Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land during the Second Crusade?

A

Saradin

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45
Q

Which of the crusades was also known as the “Crusade of King’s” because of the famouos kings that embarked on it?

A

Third Crusade

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46
Q

Who was the English king who fought in the Third Crusade and had the nickname the Lion-Hearted because of his heroic exploits?

A

Richard I

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47
Q

Who was the German king who drowned in Asia Minor prompting most of his soldiers to return home in the Third Crusade?

A

Frederick Barbarossa

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48
Q

Who was the French king who led his men back to Europe after a minor victory for the crusaders in the Thrid Crusade?

A

Philip Augustus

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49
Q

What did the Third Crusade accomplish?

A

very little

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50
Q

Which of the crusaded never even reached the Holy Land but instead plundered Constantiople, a city of Christendom?

A

Fourth Crusade

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51
Q

Which of the crusades occurred in 1212 when fanatical preaching instigated about 30,000 French children to march on the Holy Land because they believed God would part the Mediterranean Sea to Palestine?

A

Children’s Crusade

52
Q

What was the result of the Children’s Crusade?

A

most of them were tricked by slave traders and sold

53
Q

By what year were the Muslims masters of the Holy Land again?

A

1291

54
Q

What were new towns that sprang up beside fortresses that attracted many people in search of opportunity?

A

burgs

55
Q

Who were those who lived in the burgs?

A

burghers

56
Q

What is the class between the nobility and the peasants that the burghers constituted?

A

middle class

57
Q

What were international events where merchants came to purchase such items as woolen products and leather goods and to have their loans and credit transfers arranged by Italian bonkers?

A

trade fairs

58
Q

What was an early form of trade unionism that consisted of voluntary associations among merchants, artisans, and craftsmen?

A

guilds

59
Q

What was a trade alliance that was a confederation of northern German towns that formed during the 13th century and attempted to monopolize the entire commerce of northern Europe until the league’s dissolution?

A

Hanseatic league

60
Q

What was the city in a low-lying region located in western Belgium and became one of the earliest cities who manufactures woolen goods?

A

Flanders

61
Q

Who was the leading banking family who ruled Florece, Italy, and influences European politics and economics from the 1300s until the 17000s?

A

Medici

62
Q

What was the architectural style that was characterized by the use of thick, massive walls and small windows with rounded arches?

A

Romanesque

63
Q

What was another new architecture style that had tall walls with many pointed windows and elaborately used steeples and points?

A

Gothic

64
Q

What is the best example of Gothic architectiure?

A

Notre Dame

65
Q

What was a form of the bubonic plague that was spread by infected fleas and rats throughout urban areas because people did not understand basic sanitation?

A

Black Death

66
Q

About how many people perished from the Black Death, not including several other samlled outbreaks in later years?

A

25,000,000

67
Q

What provided special training in such professions as law and medicine and was named after organizations of students and teachers of specialized subjects?

A

universities

68
Q

What was the first medieval university that was a center for the study of medicine?

A

Salerno

69
Q

What was the university in England where John Wycliff was an official?

A

Oxford

70
Q

What was the university that followed the founding of Oxford in England?

A

Cambridge

71
Q

What was the university that gained great prestige with programs in theology, law, medicine, and philosophy?

A

Paris

72
Q

What was the oldest German university?

A

Prague

73
Q

What was the part of the medieval curriculum consisting of grammar, rhetoric, and logic?

A

trivium

74
Q

What was the second part of the medieval curriculum consisting of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy?

A

quadrivium

75
Q

What were medieval universities called?

A

schools

76
Q

What did the teachers and pupils of universities become known as?

A

schoolmen

77
Q

What was the attempt to synthesize (combine) Greek philosophy (particularly the philosophy of Aristotle) with Romanism?

A

scholasticism

78
Q

Who made man’s reason a sovereign judge over all things and considered man a rational animal rather than a religious creature?

A

Thomas Aquinas

79
Q

What was the philosophy that denied the totality of man’s sinful nature and his dependence upon God for everything?

A

Thomism

80
Q

Who used scriptural logic to argue that man is totally depraved of an absolute need of divine relation and saving grace and that man can never hope to ascend to God through his own reason or strength?

A

William of Ockham

81
Q

Who were the two greatest scholastics?

A

Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham

82
Q

What was the most astonishing scholar at Oxford University during the 14th century?

A

John Wycliffe

83
Q

Who began the first translation of the Bible into English?

A

John Wycliffe

84
Q

What were Wycliffe’s followers called by their opponents?

A

Lollards

85
Q

For his work, what is John Wycliffe’s nickname?

A

the “Morning Star of the Reformtion”

86
Q

Who was an English Franciscan friar who emphasized observation and experimentation as the source for true knowledge about nature and was a medieval forerunner of modern science?

A

Roger Bacon

87
Q

What was the country in central Europe where the modern Czech Republic is located?

A

Bohemia

88
Q

Who initiated a revival in Bohemia but was burned at the stake by the church?

A

John Hussites

89
Q

Who were the followers of John Huss?

A

Hussites

90
Q

What group of people printed the first non-Catholic hymnbook in modern history?

A

Hussites

91
Q

Who was a Dutch contemporary of Jonn Wycliffe who founded and organized the Brethren of the Common Life?

A

Gerhard Groote

92
Q

What was the movement that promoted the cultivation of the spiritual life through Bible reading, meditation, prayer, and personal piety while following Christ and serving others?

A

Brethren of the Common Life

93
Q

Who was a Roman priest who lived in Florence, Italy and exposed hypocrisy in the Roman church?

A

Savonarola

94
Q

Who was one of the most famous early pupils of the Brethren of the Common Life whose devotional manual The Imitation of Christ remains a classic for Christians today?

A

Thomas à Kempis

95
Q

Who became one of the most noteworthy scholars of the 15th century?

A

Wessel Gansfort

96
Q

Who was the Italian who wrote Divine Comedy?

A

Dante

97
Q

What was one of the few pieces of medieval literature that is still widely read?

A

Divine Comedy

98
Q

Who is recognized as one of England’s five greatest poets?

A

Geoffrey Chaucer

99
Q

What was one of the first great works of literature in the English language that was written by Geoffrey Chaucer?

A

The Canterbury Tales

100
Q

What revived an emphasis on the humanities and began when a great enthusiasm for classical Greek and Latin literature sprang up in Italy?

A

Italian Renaissance

101
Q

What are subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry?

A

humanities

102
Q

What, at first, only meant intense interests in the subjects of the humanities but later set up man as a god with their interests in the humanities becoming an expression of human pride and vanity?

A

humanism

103
Q

Who was the 14th century author called the “Father of Humanism” who wrote his Letters to Ancient Authors as is Homer, Plato, and others were still alive to receive them?

A

Petrarch

104
Q

Who was the first great author of prose in a modern language who wrote The Decameron?

A

Boccaccio

105
Q

What was the book for which Boccaccio is best known for that is a collection of 100 stories written during an outbreak of the Black Death, advocating a philosophy of “eat, drink, and be merry”?

A

The Decameron

106
Q

What was a book on politics written in 1513 that was the only book of lasting importance produced by the Italian Renaissance?

A

The Prince

107
Q

Who wrote The Prince and saw through the hypocrisy of the age but eventually turned to humanism?

A

Niccolò Machiavelli

108
Q

Who were people who use their own money to support the arts?

A

patrons

109
Q

Who became the greatest patrons of all during the Italian Renaissance?

A

the church leaders

110
Q

Who greatly changed the art of painting by choosing to make the people and things in his painting look real?

A

Giotto

111
Q

What was Giotto’s famous painting?

A

The Last Judgement

112
Q

Who personified the era’s new ideal of Renaissance man?

A

Leonardo da Vinci

113
Q

Who is one who displays his talents in all fields?

A

Renaissance man

114
Q

What was a portrait of an unknown woman with a mysterious smile that Leonardo da Vinci is best remebered for?

A

Mona Lisa

115
Q

What was a picture in which Leonardo da Vinci portrayed Christ and His disciples in the upper room?

A

The Last Supper

116
Q

Who was known for his brilliant use of color?

A

Raphael

117
Q

What are Raphael’s most famous paintings?

A

Sistine Madonna and The School of Athens

118
Q

Who may have been the greatest artist of the Italian Renaissance and even the world?

A

Michelangelo

119
Q

Where are Michelangelo’s most famous paintings?

A

on the walls and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

120
Q

What were the two marble statues that Michelangelo is best known for?

A

David and Moses

121
Q

Who invented the moveable-type printing press?

A

Johann Gutenburg

122
Q

When was the moveable-type printing press invented?

A

1440

123
Q

What was the first printed edition of the Bible?

A

Gutenberg Bible

124
Q

When was the Gutenberg Bible printed?

A

1456

125
Q

Who is known as the “Father of Humanism”?

A

Petrarch

History (12 decks)

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