Chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
What was a way of life based upon the ownership and use of land?
A
feudalism
2
Q
What was the piece of land held by one man?
A
fief
3
Q
Who was the fief owner who permitted another man to use his fief in return for certain promised services?
A
lord
4
Q
What was the man who was permitted to work on the fief?
A
vassal
5
Q
Who was the man who was at the top of the feudal system?
A
king
6
Q
What was the part of land that the king kept for his own personal use?
A
crown land
7
Q
Who provided the heart of military force of the various kingdoms in western Europe?
A
knights
8
Q
What was the code of conduct for the nobility and the knights?
A
chivalry
9
Q
Name three of the good qualities that chivalry stressed?
A
courage, strength, and loyalty
10
Q
What was certain colorful and unique symbols, emblems, and designs displayed on armor, shields, and banners?
A
heraldry
11
Q
What was a family’s distinct display of heraldry?
A
coat of arms
12
Q
What were large, dimly lit, heavily fortified dwellings made of stone and bricks?
A
castles
13
Q
What was a large, protective trench of water that surrounded many castles?
A
moat
14
Q
What was a bridge that could be raised or lowered to enter a castle?
A
drawbridge
15
Q
When a knight began training at around the age of seven, what was he called?
A
page
16
Q
When a knight was training and was about fifteen and sixteen, what was he called?
A
squire
17
Q
What are some instruments that could have been used to attack castles?
A
battering rams, catapults, and trebuchets
18
Q
What was the sport in which two knights fought to known each other off their respective horses?
A
joust
19
Q
What was the main favorite sport of the nobles?
A
war
20
Q
What was the sport in which groups of knights fought a mock battle that lasted an entire day and ranged over the whole countryside?
A
touraments
21
Q
What was a favorite kind of hunting in which falcons were trained to hunt small game such as ducks or rabbits?
A
falconry
22
Q
Who were musicians who played stringed instruments and sang ballads of love and war?
A
minstrels
23
Q
During the Middle Ages, did the vast majority of people in Europe live in castles and have energy for games?
A
no
24
Q
What were the estates that belonged to the nobles, ranging in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres?
A
manors
25
Who were the farmers of the manors?
serfs
26
What was the lord's fields called?
demesne
27
Who supervised the overall running of the manor and acted as judge in the manor's court?
steward
28
Who supervised the cultivation of the lord's demesne, collected rents, and inspected the serf's work?
bailiff
29
What was is called when the church forbade fighting from Friday through Sunday each week?
Truce of God
30
What was it called was priests denied the sacraments to persons who robbed churches, took a serf's property, or killed noncombatants during battles?
Peace of God
31
What were trips to certain holy places that people would travel to in an effort to prove their piety?
pilgrimages
32
What was the pilgrimage considered most valuable for earning one's salvation?
a visit to the Holy Land
33
Who proclaimed the beginning of crusades in 1095?
Pope Urban II
34
What was the beginning of the crusades proclaimed?
1095
35
What were the trips called whose purpose was to capture the Holy Land from the Muslims to holding it for Christendom?
crusades
36
What was the crusade that took place before the official first crusade in which a group of 15,000 to 20,000 people who were mostly simple farmers embarked on but were utterly destroyed?
Peasants' Crusade
37
Which of the crusades had many great European nobles at the forefront?
First Crusade
38
What did the First Crusade accomplish?
it was able to recapture the Holy Land and divide it into four small kingdoms
39
Which of the crusades was begun when the Muslims retook Edessa?
Second Crusades
40
What did the Second Crusade accomplish?
nothing
41
What were the Muslims also called?
Saracens
42
Who was the energetic monk who was called upon by the pope to preach of the need for Europeans to take up the cross again?
Bernard of Clairvaux
43
Who were the two powerful monarchs of the day who led the Second Cursade?
Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany
44
Who was the renowned sultan of Egypt who captured Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land during the Second Crusade?
Saradin
45
Which of the crusades was also known as the "Crusade of King's" because of the famouos kings that embarked on it?
Third Crusade
46
Who was the English king who fought in the Third Crusade and had the nickname the Lion-Hearted because of his heroic exploits?
Richard I
47
Who was the German king who drowned in Asia Minor prompting most of his soldiers to return home in the Third Crusade?
Frederick Barbarossa
48
Who was the French king who led his men back to Europe after a minor victory for the crusaders in the Thrid Crusade?
Philip Augustus
49
What did the Third Crusade accomplish?
very little
50
Which of the crusaded never even reached the Holy Land but instead plundered Constantiople, a city of Christendom?
Fourth Crusade
51
Which of the crusades occurred in 1212 when fanatical preaching instigated about 30,000 French children to march on the Holy Land because they believed God would part the Mediterranean Sea to Palestine?
Children's Crusade
52
What was the result of the Children's Crusade?
most of them were tricked by slave traders and sold
53
By what year were the Muslims masters of the Holy Land again?
1291
54
What were new towns that sprang up beside fortresses that attracted many people in search of opportunity?
burgs
55
Who were those who lived in the burgs?
burghers
56
What is the class between the nobility and the peasants that the burghers constituted?
middle class
57
What were international events where merchants came to purchase such items as woolen products and leather goods and to have their loans and credit transfers arranged by Italian bonkers?
trade fairs
58
What was an early form of trade unionism that consisted of voluntary associations among merchants, artisans, and craftsmen?
guilds
59
What was a trade alliance that was a confederation of northern German towns that formed during the 13th century and attempted to monopolize the entire commerce of northern Europe until the league's dissolution?
Hanseatic league
60
What was the city in a low-lying region located in western Belgium and became one of the earliest cities who manufactures woolen goods?
Flanders
61
Who was the leading banking family who ruled Florece, Italy, and influences European politics and economics from the 1300s until the 17000s?
Medici
62
What was the architectural style that was characterized by the use of thick, massive walls and small windows with rounded arches?
Romanesque
63
What was another new architecture style that had tall walls with many pointed windows and elaborately used steeples and points?
Gothic
64
What is the best example of Gothic architectiure?
Notre Dame
65
What was a form of the bubonic plague that was spread by infected fleas and rats throughout urban areas because people did not understand basic sanitation?
Black Death
66
About how many people perished from the Black Death, not including several other samlled outbreaks in later years?
25,000,000
67
What provided special training in such professions as law and medicine and was named after organizations of students and teachers of specialized subjects?
universities
68
What was the first medieval university that was a center for the study of medicine?
Salerno
69
What was the university in England where John Wycliff was an official?
Oxford
70
What was the university that followed the founding of Oxford in England?
Cambridge
71
What was the university that gained great prestige with programs in theology, law, medicine, and philosophy?
Paris
72
What was the oldest German university?
Prague
73
What was the part of the medieval curriculum consisting of grammar, rhetoric, and logic?
trivium
74
What was the second part of the medieval curriculum consisting of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy?
quadrivium
75
What were medieval universities called?
schools
76
What did the teachers and pupils of universities become known as?
schoolmen
77
What was the attempt to synthesize (combine) Greek philosophy (particularly the philosophy of Aristotle) with Romanism?
scholasticism
78
Who made man's reason a sovereign judge over all things and considered man a rational animal rather than a religious creature?
Thomas Aquinas
79
What was the philosophy that denied the totality of man's sinful nature and his dependence upon God for everything?
Thomism
80
Who used scriptural logic to argue that man is totally depraved of an absolute need of divine relation and saving grace and that man can never hope to ascend to God through his own reason or strength?
William of Ockham
81
Who were the two greatest scholastics?
Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham
82
What was the most astonishing scholar at Oxford University during the 14th century?
John Wycliffe
83
Who began the first translation of the Bible into English?
John Wycliffe
84
What were Wycliffe's followers called by their opponents?
Lollards
85
For his work, what is John Wycliffe's nickname?
the "Morning Star of the Reformtion"
86
Who was an English Franciscan friar who emphasized observation and experimentation as the source for true knowledge about nature and was a medieval forerunner of modern science?
Roger Bacon
87
What was the country in central Europe where the modern Czech Republic is located?
Bohemia
88
Who initiated a revival in Bohemia but was burned at the stake by the church?
John Hussites
89
Who were the followers of John Huss?
Hussites
90
What group of people printed the first non-Catholic hymnbook in modern history?
Hussites
91
Who was a Dutch contemporary of Jonn Wycliffe who founded and organized the Brethren of the Common Life?
Gerhard Groote
92
What was the movement that promoted the cultivation of the spiritual life through Bible reading, meditation, prayer, and personal piety while following Christ and serving others?
Brethren of the Common Life
93
Who was a Roman priest who lived in Florence, Italy and exposed hypocrisy in the Roman church?
Savonarola
94
Who was one of the most famous early pupils of the Brethren of the Common Life whose devotional manual The Imitation of Christ remains a classic for Christians today?
Thomas à Kempis
95
Who became one of the most noteworthy scholars of the 15th century?
Wessel Gansfort
96
Who was the Italian who wrote Divine Comedy?
Dante
97
What was one of the few pieces of medieval literature that is still widely read?
Divine Comedy
98
Who is recognized as one of England's five greatest poets?
Geoffrey Chaucer
99
What was one of the first great works of literature in the English language that was written by Geoffrey Chaucer?
The Canterbury Tales
100
What revived an emphasis on the humanities and began when a great enthusiasm for classical Greek and Latin literature sprang up in Italy?
Italian Renaissance
101
What are subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry?
humanities
102
What, at first, only meant intense interests in the subjects of the humanities but later set up man as a god with their interests in the humanities becoming an expression of human pride and vanity?
humanism
103
Who was the 14th century author called the "Father of Humanism" who wrote his Letters to Ancient Authors as is Homer, Plato, and others were still alive to receive them?
Petrarch
104
Who was the first great author of prose in a modern language who wrote The Decameron?
Boccaccio
105
What was the book for which Boccaccio is best known for that is a collection of 100 stories written during an outbreak of the Black Death, advocating a philosophy of "eat, drink, and be merry"?
The Decameron
106
What was a book on politics written in 1513 that was the only book of lasting importance produced by the Italian Renaissance?
The Prince
107
Who wrote The Prince and saw through the hypocrisy of the age but eventually turned to humanism?
Niccolò Machiavelli
108
Who were people who use their own money to support the arts?
patrons
109
Who became the greatest patrons of all during the Italian Renaissance?
the church leaders
110
Who greatly changed the art of painting by choosing to make the people and things in his painting look real?
Giotto
111
What was Giotto's famous painting?
The Last Judgement
112
Who personified the era's new ideal of Renaissance man?
Leonardo da Vinci
113
Who is one who displays his talents in all fields?
Renaissance man
114
What was a portrait of an unknown woman with a mysterious smile that Leonardo da Vinci is best remebered for?
Mona Lisa
115
What was a picture in which Leonardo da Vinci portrayed Christ and His disciples in the upper room?
The Last Supper
116
Who was known for his brilliant use of color?
Raphael
117
What are Raphael's most famous paintings?
Sistine Madonna and The School of Athens
118
Who may have been the greatest artist of the Italian Renaissance and even the world?
Michelangelo
119
Where are Michelangelo's most famous paintings?
on the walls and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
120
What were the two marble statues that Michelangelo is best known for?
David and Moses
121
Who invented the moveable-type printing press?
Johann Gutenburg
122
When was the moveable-type printing press invented?
1440
123
What was the first printed edition of the Bible?
Gutenberg Bible
124
When was the Gutenberg Bible printed?
1456
125
Who is known as the "Father of Humanism"?
Petrarch
