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Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where was the first Christian church established?

A

Jerusalem

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2
Q

What word means “universal” or “one” and may be used to describe the idea of an “invisible” church of all believers?

A

catholic

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3
Q

What was the idea of an invisible church replaced with?

A

the idea of a visible church including all professing Christians

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4
Q

What was the church which became prominent well before the end of the second century that many churches looked up to?

A

Church of Rome

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5
Q

Who declared that every church must agree with the Church of Rome and claimed that the Roman church had been founded by Paul and Peter?

A

Iranaeus

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6
Q

Who were members of the church whose name comes from the Greek word for “servant”?

A

deacons

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7
Q

Who were elders in the church named after the Greek word for “overseer” or “superintendent”?

A

bishops

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8
Q

What is the idea that:
- Christ has appointed the apostles to succeed His ministry on earth;
- that the apostles had appointed bishops as their successors;
- that these in turn appointed successors of their own
- and that much, if not all, of the authority of the apostles had therefore been passed down in an unbroken line to the current bishops?

A

apostolic succession

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9
Q

Who does the Bible clearly identify as the true Head of the Church?

A

Christ

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10
Q

What is the idea that as long as the apostles lived, the churches had the benefit of having special leaders appointed directly by Christ Himself and authorized to speak and act in His name?

A

apostolic authority

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11
Q

What is the theory that:
- Christ founded His church upon Peter
- that Christ made Peter the visible head of the Church
- and that Peter transmitted his power to his successors, the bishops of Rome, that first of whom he appointed?

A

Petrine theory

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12
Q

What was the idea that the Roman church is supreme over all churches and the bishop of Rome is supreme over all bishops?

A

Roman Catholic Church

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13
Q

Who was the bishop of Rome who was to be revered for his postition?

A

pope

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14
Q

What was the pope who was officially recognized as supreme over the Roman church in 445 by Valentinian III?

A

Pope Leo I

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15
Q

Who issued his famous doctrine of the “two swords” in 494?

A

Pope Gelasius I

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16
Q

Who was the doctrine separating civil and ecclesiastical authority and making the pope and the bishops supreme over all human rulers in matters relating to God?

A

“two swords”

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17
Q

Who was the first medieval pope?

A

Gregory I

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18
Q

What were the territories of the Roman church divided into?

A

dioceses

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19
Q

What were the dioceses divided into?

A

parishes

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20
Q

What were means of grace that the church taught salvation depended on?

A

sacraments

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21
Q

What means cut off from the church?

A

excommunicated

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22
Q

Why did it appear that the church held the very keys to heaven?

A

because the priest alone could administer the sacraments

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23
Q

Who was a missionary to Ireland?

A

Patrick

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24
Q

What did Patrick use to explain the Trinity to the people of Ireland?

A

a three-leaf clover

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25
What is the doctrine that the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper actually became the body and blood of Christ in the hands of the priest?
transubstantiation
26
What are remains of artifacts such as alleged fragments from the cross or the crown of thorns?
relics
27
Who were deceased Christians officially recognized by the church as hold because of the martyrdom, miracles, or other mertis?
saints
28
What were certificates from the pope that excused a person from doing penance and shortened the required stay in purgartory?
indulgences
29
What is a place of fire where the souls of penitent sinners remained after death to be purged of sin and rendered fit for heaven?
purgatory
30
What was a Latin translation completed by the church leader Jerome in 405 and was just about the only version available in the Middle Ages?
Vulgate
31
Who gave the English people the Bible in their own tongue by translating it from Latin to English and having copies written out by hand?
John Wycliffe
32
Who accomplished a similar feat to John Wycliffe for the people of the Alps 200 years earlier?
Peter Waldo
33
Who was the counsel that forbade anyone except a clergyman to possess a copy of the Bible?
Counsil of Toulouse
34
What was the service and worship book of the church?
brveiary
35
What is the practice of withdrawing from society to live in solitude?
monasticism
36
Who are men who practice monasticism?
monks
37
Who are women who practice monasticism?
nuns
38
Who were the earliest monks who lived in the wilderness and sought to please God by torturing themselves?
hermits
39
What is the abstinence of marriage?
celibacy
40
Who was a desperate soul who perched alone for 37 years atop a stone pillar over 50 feet high?
Simeon Stylites
41
What are religious communities isolated from the rest of society?
monasteries
42
What are monasteries for nuns?
convents
43
What are rigid rules that those who lived in monasteries had to follow?
orders
44
Who was an Italian monk who founded a monastery at Monte Cassino in southern Italy?
Benedict
45
Who was the head of the monastery?
abbot
46
Who lived like other monks except that the preached and did missionary work outside the monarsteries?
friars
47
What were the two most prominent orders of friers?
the Franciscans and the Dominicans
48
What was the most dominant Germanic tribe that moved into Gaul as the Roman Empire collapsed?
Franks
49
Who was the first great Frankish military and political leader who inherited the position of tribal king from his father in 481?
Clovis
50
What was the very significant political and religious move that Clovis executed by 498?
he professed his conversion to Christianity
51
When was Clovis baptized into the Roman Church?
on Christmas Day in 498
52
What was the line of kings after the death of Clovis?
Merovingian
53
What was the Merovingian line of kings also known as?
the "do-nothing kings"
54
Who was the chief official of the royal household who the real ruling power fell to during the Merovingian line of kings?
Mayor of the Palace
55
Who was the most famous Mayor of the Palace?
Charles Martel
56
Who were Muslims from North Africa against whom Charles won his greatest fame?
Moors
57
What was the decisive battle of 732 in which Charles raised a great Frankish army against invading Muslims?
Battle of Tours
58
When was the Battle of Tours?
732
59
What is the name that means "the Hammer" and was the name that Charles earned for himself?
Martel
60
Who was the son of Charles Martel who felt that since he was doing the job of a king, he should have the title of one?
Pepin the Short
61
What was the name of line Frankish kings that Pepin's kingship commenced?
Carolingian
62
What was it called when, after the Franks defeated the Lombards, their land in central Italy was given to the pope?
Donation of Pepin
63
What was the Donation of Pepin also known as?
Papal States
64
Who was the greatest of the Carolingian kings?
Charlemagne
65
What does Charlemagne mean?
"Charles the Great"
66
What was a series of provinces that Charlemagne set up in his realm to act as buffer states between his empire and its enemies?
marks
67
Whose empire was the largest in the West since the Roman Empire of the A.D. 300s?
Charlemagne's
68
When was Charlemagne proclaimed Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans?
on Christmas Day in the year 800
69
Who was the pope who crowned Charlemagne Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans?
Pope Leo III
70
What was the greatest evert of Charlemagne's life?
when Pope Leo III places a crown of gold upon Charlemagne's head and proclaimed him Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans
71
What does Charles Augustus mean?
Emperor of the Romans
72
Why did Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne king lead to conflict between future popes and kings?
because both the popes and the kings claimed supreme authority
73
Who were sent by Charlemagne to check on local officials, inspect local conditions, and hear grievances against government officers and whose name meant "the king's envoys"?
Missi Dominici
74
Who was Charlemagne's only surviving son to whom the crown fell to upon Charlemagne's death in 814?
Louis the Pious
75
What was the treaty that divided the empire into three parts after the death of Louis the Pious?
Treaty of Verdun
76
What became the basis for modern handwriting styles as well as the roman typeface?
Carolingian miniscule
77
Which of Louis the Pious's sons retained the title of emperor and received the middle part of the empire, which consisted of northern Italy and a narrow strip of land from Italy to the North Sea?
Lothair the Elder
78
Which of Louis the Pious's sons received the western part of the empire?
Charles the Bald
79
Which of Louis the Pious's sons gained the eastern portion of the empire?
Louis the German
80
What treaty is important because it set the stage for the formation of the modern nations of France and Geramany?
Treaty of Verdun
81
What was the land of the middle kingdom north of the Alps?
Lorraine
82
Who were a nomadic people from Asia who penetrated deep into southeastern Europe and earned the name Scourge of Europe?
Magyars
83
Who were the blond, blue-eyes German barbarians who dwelt in Scandinavia?
Norsemen or Vikings
84
What was the region where the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway are located today?
Scandinavia
85
What was the area located along the northern coast of France that was among the most important Viking settlements?
Normandy
86
What were the many small territories that were each ruled by a powerful noble called a duke?
duchies
87
Who was the Duke of Saxony who was elected to act as king of Germany, beginning the Saxon line of kings?
Henry the Fowler
88
What were church officials?
clergy
89
Who was the son of Henry the Fowler who was known for his many victories?
Otto the Great
90
When was Otto crowned Emperor of the Romans at the request of the pope?
962
91
When was the birth of the Holy Roman Emperor?
962
92
What was the line of emperors who succeeded the Saxons?
Salian
93
Who was the German emperor who brough the German monarchy to the peak of its power?
Henry IV
94
Who were nobles who claimed the right of choosing the king of the empire after civil war broke out?
Electorate
95
Who was the first of Hohenstaufen line of emperors?
Frederick Barbarossa
96
Who officially adopted the phrase "Holy Roman Empire" as the title of the lands he claimed in Germany and Italy?
Frederick Barbarossa
97
Who was the grandson of Frederick Barbarossa who entangles himself even further in Italy?
Frederick II
98
What was one of Frederick Barbarossa's main political triumphs?
the marriage of his son to the heiress of the throne of Sicily
99
What was the French philosopher who ridiculed the Holy Roman Empire?
Voltaire
100
What did Voltaire say in ridicule about the Holy Roman Empire?
it was "neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire"
101
Where did the Magyars end up settling?
Hungary
102
For 250 years, what was the single most powerful institution in western Europe?
the papacy
103
Who decreed that henceforth popes would be chosen only by cardinals?
Nicholas II
104
Who was an ambitious monk who serves as an adviser to the pope?
Hildebrand
105
Who were at that time, the priests of the churches in Rome and other Italian cities?
cardinals
106
What was the name Hildebrand chose while his time as pope who also longed for a Christendom dominated by the Roman church and ruled absolutely by the papacy?
Gregory VII
107
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor who was in an intense conflict with Pope Gregory VII but was excommunicated and went to the pope to beg forginveness?
Henry IV
108
What was the city in northern Italy were the pope was staying when Henry IV went to beg for forgiveness?
Canossa
109
What was the power of laymen such as emperors and kings to choose bishops and other church officials that was prohibited by Gregory VII?
lay investiture
110
Under whom did the papacy attain the zenith of its power and influence?
Innocent III
111
What means that no infants were baptized, no masses said, no confessions heard, no dying persons received the last rites, and no dead were properly interred?
indirect
112
What sanctioned the dogma of transubstantiation?
Fourth Lateran Council
113
What was the belief that the bread and wine are miraculously transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ?
transubstantiation
114
What was a special court with the power to inquire about and judge matters of heresy?
Holy Office of the Inquisition
115
Who clashed with the papacy by levying 50% taxes on the French clergy's annual income?
Philip the Fair
116
Who was the pope who reacted to Philip the fair by threatening to excommunicate any layman who exacted such taxes?
Boniface VIII
117
What was an official decree of the pope?
bull
118
What was the city in France where the papal court was moved to?
Avignon
119
What was the act of moving the papal court to Avignon called because it reminded some people of the 70-year period when the Israelites were taken captive by the Babylonians?
Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
120
What was the division of the church that was created by rival popes and cardinals?
Great Schism

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