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Baby Bio > Chap 9 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis > Flashcards

Chap 9 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Asexual reproduction is relatively what?

A

rare

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2
Q

Which type of organisms reproduce asexually?

A

single-celled

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3
Q

What is required for sexual reproduction?

A

meiosis

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4
Q

Meiosis generates what?

A

a type of cell division that generates sperm and egg cells

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5
Q

Each sperm and egg cell is generally what?

A

unique

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6
Q

What lies at the heart of sexual reproduction?

A

specialized sex cells (sperm and egg)

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7
Q

Attracting a mate and producing sex cells requires what?

A

a lot of energy (which is costly to the organism)

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8
Q

Why is sexual reproduction worth the energy cost?

A

because it can create or maintain genetic diversity

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9
Q

Worms reproduce how?

A

sexually or asexually

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10
Q

The percent of worms producing sexually increased or decreased?

A

increased dramatically

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11
Q

Why did the percent of worms reproducing sexually increase?

A

the genetic variable offspring were better able to survive the bacterial infections

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12
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

matched sets

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13
Q

A homologous pair of chromosomes have the same what?

A

size
structure
contain the same genes

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14
Q

Where do the pairs come from in homologous chromosomes?

A

one chromosome from father

one chromosome from mother

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15
Q

Diploid cell contain what?

A

two full sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

A sexually reproducing organism consists mainly of what?

A

diploid cells

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17
Q

Where do each chromosomes come from in diploid cells?

A

one full set from each parent

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18
Q

Homologous chromosomes carry the same what?

A

sets of genes

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19
Q

Are homologous chromosomes identical?

A

no

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20
Q

Why are homologous chromosomes not identical?

A

the nucleotide sequence is not the same

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21
Q

Each chromosome in a homologous pair has genes that are…?

A

for the same traits

arranged in the same order

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22
Q

Life cycles include what?

A

mitosis and meiosis

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23
Q

In multicellular organisms what is meiosis used for?

A

reproduce sexually

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24
Q

In multicellular organisms what is mitosis used for?

A

to grow and develop

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25
Q

Gametes are…?

A

haploid

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26
Q

Meiosis reduces what?

A

number of chromosomes by half

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27
Q

Hoe many chromosomes does each gamete have?

A

only one full set

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28
Q

Gametes are only haploid cells in?

A

out life cycle; all other cells are diploid

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29
Q

Are zygotes diploid?

A

yes

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30
Q

What does it mean that a zygote it diploid?

A

they have two full sets of chromosomes, one from each gamete

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31
Q

Zygotes undergo ? to develop into an adult.

A

mitosis

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32
Q

All body cells are genetically identical to what?

A

the zygote

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33
Q

What do haploid gametes give to offspring?

A

the right chromosome number

34
Q

How many chromosomes in a sperm cell?

A

23

35
Q

How many chromosomes in an egg cell?

A

23

36
Q

How many chromosomes in a zygote?

A

46 (23 from sperm 23 from egg)

37
Q

Meiosis and mitosis are similar, what are the similar phases each goes through?

A

interphase (before cell divides)

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (during cell division)

cytokinesis (at the end of cell division)

38
Q

In meiosis what replicates once?

A

DNA

39
Q

In meiosis what divides twice?

A

the nucleus

40
Q

DNA replicates during what phase?

A

S phase (before cell starts to divide)

41
Q

What divides in meiosis I?

A

germ cell

42
Q

Where is the germ cell located?

A

testes/ovaries

43
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

the new cells divide again without copying the DNA again

44
Q

What happens in prophase I?

A

spindle forms

chromosomes condense and attach to it

45
Q

What pairs up in prophase I?

A

homologous chromosomes

46
Q

What happens only in meiosis?

A

each chromosome lines up next to its homolog

47
Q

What process occurs in meiosis prophase I?

A

crossing over

48
Q

What happens during crossing over?

A

pieces of homologous chromosomes physically change places

49
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

chromosomes line up in two rows

50
Q

How are the chromosomes lined up in metaphase I?

A

the spindle pulls each pair of homologous chromosomes into place

51
Q

What process happens in metaphase I?

A

independent assortment

52
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

chromosomes pairs align randomly, scrambling the combination of chromosomes for each gamete

53
Q

How many types of homologous chromosomes?

A

two

54
Q

A genotype is made of how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

3

55
Q

How many possible versions of gametes are there?

A

8 (2^3)

56
Q

What happens in anaphase I?

A

spindle separates the homologous chromosomes (not the sister chromatids)

57
Q

What happens in telophase I?

A

chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell, new nuclei form

58
Q

What happens in cytokinesis I?

A

the cell splits into two new cells

59
Q

The cells that split after cytokinesis each contain how many sets of chromosomes?

A

one set

60
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

like mitosis, with no DNA replication

61
Q

In meiosis II one diploid cell divides into…?

A

four haploid cells

62
Q

Meiosis reduces what?

A

the number of chromosomes by half

63
Q

Germ cells have how many sets of chromosomes?

A

two sets

64
Q

In total how many chromosomes do germ cells have?

A

four

65
Q

Gametes have how many sets of chromosomes?

A

one set

66
Q

In total how many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

two

67
Q

Random fertilization does what?

A

multiplies the diversity

68
Q

Describe random fertilization?

A

any of the mother’s possible egg cells can combine with any of her mate’s possible sperm cells

69
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

genetically identical

70
Q

How is an identical twin formed?

A

an embryo (early in development) splits in two. each embryo the develops independently

71
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

have unique DNA

72
Q

How are fraternal twins formed?

A

two sperm cells fertilize two separate egg cells in the same pregnancy ( the twins’ DNA is no more similar than siblings that develop during separate pregnancies).

73
Q

Mitosis and meiosis have different what?

A

functions

74
Q

What are the functions of mitosis and meiosis?

A

mitosis - adds and replaces identical cells

meiosis - produces haploid gametes with unique DNA

75
Q

When does nondisjunction happen?

A

anaphase I or anaphase II

76
Q

What does nondisjunction do in anaphase I?

A

causes abnormalities in all gametes (e.g. missing or extra chromosome in zygote)

77
Q

What does nondisjunction do in anaphase II?

A

causes some abnormalities in some of the gametes (some normal, some have missing or extra chromosome in zygote)

78
Q

Down syndrome is caused by what?

A

nondisjunction

79
Q

What is genetically the cause of down syndrome?

A

an extra copy of a chromosome (a trisomy)

80
Q

How many chromosomes too many do individuals with down syndrome have?

A

one extra (have three copies of chromosome 21 rather than 2)

81
Q

Which chromosome is there extra of in an individual with down syndrome?

A

chromosome 21

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