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Baby Bio > Chap 17 Evolution and Diversity of Animals > Flashcards

Chap 17 Evolution and Diversity of Animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

T/F Animals are extremely diverse?

A

True

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2
Q

How many known animal species?

A

over 1.3 million

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3
Q

Animals vary greatly in what?

A

size
habitat
body form
intelligence

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4
Q

What are the specific set of features common in all animals?

A

multicellular with eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls

heterotrophic, eating food by digestion

go through blastula stage of development

cells produce and bind to an extracellular matrix

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5
Q

Animal diversity reflects what?

A

shared ancestry

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6
Q

How many animal phyla are there?

A

9

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7
Q

What are the 9 animal phyla?

A 
chordates
echinoderms
arthropods
roundworms
annelids
mollusks
flatworms
cnidarians
sponges
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8
Q

Animals are classified by?

A

having tissues

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9
Q

The first point on phyla split line distinguishes animals how?

A

animals with true body tissues and animals with no true body tissues

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10
Q

Which animal(s) has no true tissues?

A

sponges

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11
Q

What are simple animals?

A

sponges (porifera)

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12
Q

What are sponges?

A

aquatic and sessile (anchored to a surface)

they have hollow bodies that are either asymmetric of radially symmetric

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13
Q

After tissues how are animals classified?

A

by body symmetry and germ layer development

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14
Q

What are the types of symmetry?

A

bilateral
radial
no symmetry

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15
Q

What do bilaterally symmetric animals have?

A

cephalization

bodies have a head and tail

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16
Q

How are animals classified by germ layer development?

A

early in development animals undergo a process called gastrulation.

in some animals the gastrula only develops two tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm).

in others, a third tissue layer (mesoderm) develops.

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17
Q

After germ layer development and body symmetry how are animals classified?

A

digestive tract

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18
Q

What are the types of digestive tract?

A

incomplete digestive tract

complete digestive tract

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19
Q

What are incomplete digestive tracts?

A

if the mouth both takes in food and ejects wastes

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20
Q

What are complete digestive tracts?

A

if food passes in one direction from mouth to anus

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21
Q

What are the simplest animals with true tissues?

A

cnidarians

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22
Q

What are cnidarians?

A

aquatic and radially symmetric

they have specialized cells that they use ti sting other animals

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23
Q

What are the four groups of cnidarians

A

jellyfish
hydra
coral
sea anemones

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24
Q

After bilateral symmetry and three germ layer development how are animals classified?

A

by mouth development

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25
Q

What are the two classifications of mouth development?

A

protostomes

deuterostomes

26
Q

What are protostomes?

A

the gastrula’s first indentation develops into the mouth, and then the anus develops from the second opening

27
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

the gastrula’s first first indentation develops into the anus and then the mouth develops from the second opening

28
Q

What are the simplest protostomes?

A

flatworms

29
Q

What are flatworms?

A

(phylum Platyhelminthes)

bilaterally symmetric, with three germ layers.

30
Q

What are three groups of flatworms?

A

planarians
flukes
tapeworms

31
Q

After an animal is classified as a protostome and mouth development how are animals classified?

A

by segmentation

32
Q

What is segmentation?

A

body is divided into repeated parts

33
Q

What do segments do?

A

adds to the body’s flexibility and increases the potential for the development of specialized body parts

34
Q

What phyla are segmented worms?

A

annelids

35
Q

Annelids are characterized by what?

A

by body segments
a true coelom
a complete digestive tract

36
Q

What are types of annelids?

A

terrestrial - earthworm and leeches

aquatic - polychaetes

37
Q

Many ecosystems depend on what?

A

earthworms

38
Q

What do earthworms do in ecosystems?

A

aerate and fertilize soils

39
Q

Earthworms are more complex than they look and have a number of organ systems what are they?

A

complete digestive tract

closed circulatory system with aortic arches

nervous system that includes a brain and ventral nerve cord

excretory organs in each body segment

a saddle like thickening area that holds eggs in a specialized cocoon

40
Q

Chordates are a diverse group of at least 60,000 species, including …?

A

humans
mammals
fish
other familiar animals

41
Q

All chordates share what four features?

A

notochord
dorsal nerve cord
pharyngeal slit
postanal tail

42
Q

Why do chordates share these features?

A

because they are inherited from a common ancestor

43
Q

Vertebrates do what?

A

protect their spinal columns

44
Q

What are vertebrae?

A

a series of small structures making up a backbone (can be made of bone or cartilage)

45
Q

What were the first vertebrates to survive on land?

A

reptiles

46
Q

About how long ago did reptiles evolve?

A

310-320 million years ago

47
Q

How have reptiles adapted?

A

adapted to retain water inside their bodies and reproduce outside of it

48
Q

Where do reptiles live and reproduce?

A

on dry land

49
Q

During what age did reptiles dominate animal life?

A

the mesozoic era

50
Q

What are the land adaptations acquired by reptiles?

A

reduced water loss from the skin due to scales

internal fertilization and amniotic eggs make reproduction independent of water

51
Q

What are mammals?

A

warm, furry, milk-drinkers

52
Q

About how long ago did mammals evolve?

A

200 million years ago

53
Q

What traits do mammals have?

A

endothermic amniotes with milk-secreting mammary glands

54
Q

Mammals also produce what, which helps conserve body heat?

A

hair

55
Q

How are mammals grouped?

A

by reproduction

56
Q

What do monotremes do?

A

lay eggs (similar to reptiles)

57
Q

In marsupial and placental mammas, where do babies develop?

A

inside the uterus before birth

58
Q

What do marsupial babies do?

A

continue to develop in pouches for many months

59
Q

What do placental mammal babies do?

A

they are connected to the mother’s uterus and share her circulatory system

60
Q

What tell the human evolution story?

A

fossils and DNA

61
Q

Humans are in a group of placental mammals called?

A

primates

62
Q

Primate features include what?

A

grasping hands with opposable thumbs

flat nails instead of claws

eyes set in the front of the skull, with binocular vision

brain is large in comparison with body size

Baby Bio (21 decks)

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