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Baby Bio > Chap 3 Cells > Flashcards

Chap 3 Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

the smallest unit of life that can live independently

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2
Q

Is every living thing made up of cells?

A

yes, either one or more

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3
Q

What is used to view the entire cell?

A

light microscope

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4
Q

What is used to view the parts of a cell and viruses?

A

electron microscope

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5
Q

What are the common features among all cells?

A

genetic material
ribosomes
cytoplasm
cell membrane

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6
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

produce proteins

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7
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

small simple in structure and lack a nucleus

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8
Q

What are the domains of prokaryotes?

A

bacteria

archaea

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9
Q

What is the most ancient forms of life?

A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

larger more complex with many internal parts including a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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11
Q

What are the kingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

protists
fungi
plants
animals

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12
Q

What is free floating in the cytoplasm of a bacteria cell?

A

DNA
ribosomes
cytosol

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13
Q

What do animal cells have that bacteria cells don’t?

A

membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

prokaryotic

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15
Q

Are animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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16
Q

Are plant cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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17
Q

What is different in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?

A

large central vacuole
cell wall
chloroplasts

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18
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

forms a barrier b/w the cell and the outside world

regulates passage of substances in and out of the cell (maintaining homeostasis)

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19
Q

What makes up the cell membrane?

A

phospholipids

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20
Q

What is a phospholipid made of?

A

a molecule of glycerol, a phosphate group, and two fatty acids

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21
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

there are polar and nonpolar regions in the same molecule

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22
Q

Are phospholipids amphipathic?

A

yes

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23
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tail

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24
Q

What makes the head of a phospholipid hydrophilic?

A

polar bonds which are attracted to water

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25
Q

What makes the tail of a phospholipid hydrophobic?

A

nonpolar bonds which repels water

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26
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

bilayer of phospholipids

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27
Q

When do phospholipids form a bilayer?

A

when surrounded by water

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28
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

to separate the cell from its surroundings

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29
Q

The phospholipid bilayer is selectively what?

A

permeable (to lipids and small nonpolar molecules)

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30
Q

What is embedded throughout the phospholipid bilayer?

A

proteins

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31
Q

What are the different functions of membrane proteins?

A 
transport proteins
enzymes
recognition proteins
adhesion proteins
receptor proteins
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32
Q

Where are carbohydrates in/on the cell membrane?

A

protrude outward from the cell membrane

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33
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates in/on the cell membrane?

A

cell to cell communication

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34
Q

What else does the cell membrane contain?

A

steroids e.g. cholesterol

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35
Q

What is the function of the membrane steroids?

A

keep the membrane at the right level of fluidity (not too soft not too stiff)

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36
Q

What type of cell has a cell wall?

A

plant cells

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37
Q

Where is the cell wall located?

A

outside the cell membrane

38
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A

rigid wall of cellulose fibers

39
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A

impart shape
regulate cell volume
prevent bursting when cell take in too much water

40
Q

What controls protein production?

A

the nucleus

41
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

in the nucleus

42
Q

What “specifies” the recipe fro proteins?

A

DNA

43
Q

Other than DNA what else does the nucleus contain?

A

nucleolus

44
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

synthesize ribosomes

45
Q

Where is RNA synthesized?

A

nucleus

46
Q

What is the purpose of Messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

matches the sequence of DNA

47
Q

What carries the “recipe” for making proteins?

A

mRNA

48
Q

What is the copy of the genetic information?

A

mRNA

49
Q

What does RNA bind to?

A

ribosomes (so protein synthesis can start)

50
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

on the ribosomes

51
Q

What moves molecules around?

A

endomembrane system

52
Q

What is the endomembrane made of?

A 
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
cell membrane
53
Q

Where to proteins go after synthesis?

A

rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

54
Q

What happens to proteins in the rER?

A

they are modified and folded into their exact 3D shape

55
Q

Where do proteins go after the rER?

A

the golgi apparatus

56
Q

What moves the proteins from the rER to the golgi?

A

transport vesicles

57
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

“processing center”

proteins are chemically modified to become functional

58
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

stack of membrane sacks

59
Q

What happens to proteins when they leave the golgi apparatus?

A

sorted and packages into new transport vesicles

60
Q

Which organelles are involved with cellular digestion?

A

Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Peroxisomes

61
Q

Which organelles are involved with protein localization?

A

endomembrane system organelles

62
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

63
Q

Where does cellular digestion of large molecules occur?

A

lysosomes

64
Q

Do most plant cells have lysosomes?

A

No

65
Q

Where does most cellular digestion in plants occur?

A

central vacuoles

66
Q

Other than cellular digestion, what else do the central vacuoles do?

A

regulate the size and water balance of a cell

67
Q

What breaks down toxic substances in a cell?

A

peroxisomes (also aid in digestion)

68
Q

Where do peroxisomes originate and contain?

A

ER

enzymes that digest then oxidize certain toxic molecules

69
Q

Which organelles are related to energy?

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

70
Q

Almost all eukaryotic cells have thousands of what?

A

mitochondria

71
Q

How are mitochondria inherited?

A

maternally

72
Q

What is the process that converts food energy to a form the cell can use for work?

A

cellular respiration

73
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

74
Q

From what do chloroplasts harvest energy?

A

light

75
Q

What are the eukaryotes that use photosynthesis?

A

planst

some protists

76
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

convert energy from sunlight into energy stored in sugar molecules

77
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

a network of protein tracks and tubules found in eukaryotic cells

78
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

structural support
aids in cell division
organelle transport
cell movement

79
Q

What are able to move cells around?

A

cilia

flagella

80
Q

What makes up the structure of cilia and flagella?

A

microtubules

81
Q

Do cells need to communicate with each other to function properly?

A

yes

82
Q

How do plant cells communicate?

A

plasmodesmata

83
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

channels that pass through the plant cell wall

84
Q

What travels through the plasmodesmata channels?

A

nutrients

biochemicals

85
Q

How to animal cells communicate?

A

the stick together

86
Q

What are the type of junctions between animal cells?

A

Tight
Anchoring
Gap

87
Q

Describe a tight junction

A

from an impermeable barrier b/w cells

88
Q

Describe an anchoring junction

A

attach cells to extracellular matrix (allows tissues to withstand mechanical stress)

89
Q

Describe a gap junction

A

tunnels that ions and small molecules can pass through

90
Q

Are each eukaryotic cell specialized?

A

yes

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