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Baby Bio > Chap 10 Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chap 10 Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA do with our genes?

A

carries our genes

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

a portion of DNA whose sequence of nucleotides (A,C,G,T) encodes a protein

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3
Q

What determine many of an organisms’s characteristics?

A

the proteins expressed in cells - e.g. eye, hair, skin color

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4
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

packets of genetic information

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5
Q

Describe the structure of a chromosome.

A

long strands of DNA wrapped around histone proteins

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6
Q

How many genes are in a chromosome?

A

lots

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7
Q

When are chromosomes passed on?

A

during cell division

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 from each parent when male and female gamete fuses at fertilization)

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9
Q

How are chromosomes paired (type of cell)?

A

in diploid cells

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10
Q

The zygote is what after fertilization?

A

diploid

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11
Q

What does it mean when a cell is diploid?

A

it has two sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

Each chromosome is a member of what?

A

a homologous pair

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13
Q

Meiosis does what to homologous pairs?

A

separates them

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14
Q

Diploid cells have what for each gene?

A

two alleles

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15
Q

Alleles might be…?

A

identical or different

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16
Q

Who discovered the basic law of inheritance?

A

Gregor Medel

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17
Q

What did Gregor Mendel use to study heredity?

A

pea plants

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18
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants to study heredity?

A

it is easy to control which plant mates with which, and he was able to set up systematic breeding experiments

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19
Q

What gave Mendel clues about the genes of parents?

A

offspring

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20
Q

True-breeding plants produce what?

A

produce offspring identical to themselves

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21
Q

Hybrid plant produce what?

A

(outwardly resemble true-breeders) but produce mixed offspring

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22
Q

Are some alleles dominant?

A

yes

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23
Q

Dominant alleles do what?

A

exert their effects whenever they are present (yellow seed)

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24
Q

Are some alleles recessive?

A

yes

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25
Q

Recessive alleles do what?

A

its effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present (green seed)

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26
Q

Recessive alleles often do what?

A

encode nonfunctional proteins

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27
Q

Why do some plants produce both yellow and green seeds?

A

because each plant has two alleles for each gene (because of their homologous pairs of chromosomes)

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28
Q

May homologous chromosomes have different alleles?

A

yes

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29
Q

What does a genotype represent?

A

an individual’s two alleles for one gene

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30
Q

What does it mean when a genotype is Homozygous dominant?

A

individuals have two dominant alleles for a gene

31
Q

What does it mean when a genotype is heterozygous?

A

individuals have one dominant and one recessive allele

32
Q

What does it mean when a genotype is homozygous recessive?

A

individuals have two recessive alleles

33
Q

What is the genotype responsible for?

A

the phenotype

34
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the physical appearance - e.g. observable characteristic like seed color

35
Q

How is the phenotype determined?

A

by how the alleles interact with each other

36
Q

How do you determine the genotype of a parent?

A

by looking at the offspring

37
Q

Can individuals with the dame phenotype have different genotypes?

A

yes

38
Q

How do genotypes lead to phenotypes (seeds)?

A

the seed color gene encodes a pigment-metabolizing enzyme

allele Y encodes an active enzyme, producing yellow pigment

due to a mutation, allele y encodes and inactive enzyme that does not produce yellow pigment

39
Q

What represents gamete formation and fertilization?

A

Punnett squares

40
Q

What does a Punnett square do?

A

uses the genotypes of the parents to reveal which alleles the offspring may inherit

41
Q

Explain Homozygous dominant with seeds.

A

if a cross between a yellow-seed pea plant an d a green-seed pea plant yields all yellow seeds… then the yellow-seed parent must be homozygous dominant (YY)

42
Q

Explain Heterozygous with seeds?

A

if a cross between a yellow-seed pea plant and a green-seed pea plant yields some green seeds… then the yellow-seed parent must be heterozygous (Yy)

43
Q

Punnett squares is prediction showing what?

A

the relative proportion of the offspring’s phenotypes and genotypes

44
Q

Mendel deduced what?

A

the law of segregation

45
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

two alleles of each gene “segregate” (move apart from each other), during gamete formation

46
Q

Punnet squares can be used to track what?

A

the inheritance of genetic disorders - e.g. cystic fibrosis

47
Q

What tracks the inheritance of two genes at once?

A

dihybrid crosses

48
Q

What do dihybrid crosses do?

A

track the inheritance of two genes at once

49
Q

What can be shown on one large Punnett square?

A

two genes on different chromosomes (the alleles for each gene are shown in the parent, gametes, and offspring)

50
Q

Meiosis explains what?

A

the law of independent assortment

51
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

chromosomes (carrying alleles) are packaged into gametes independently of each other as the spindle pulls them into place

52
Q

How are genes on different chromosomes are inherited?

A

inherited separately

53
Q

Why can we predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring?

A

because chromosomes are assorted independently

54
Q

How are genes on the same chromosome inherited?

A

inherited together

55
Q

What is different when chromosomes are inherited together?

A

different ratios will be seen in offspring

56
Q

Genes that are physically near each other on the same chromosome are what?

A

linked/inherited together

57
Q

When can genes become “unlinked”?

A

during cross over

58
Q

What does crossing over do to linked genes?

A

physically separates the two genes onto two different chromosomes

59
Q

Do all genes follow Mendelian inheritance patterns?

A

no

60
Q

What creates a new phenotype?

A

incomplete dominance

61
Q

The way alleles interact changes what?

A

the nature of the phenotypes but not the genotypes

62
Q

Give an example of incomplete dominance?

A

Red and White alleles can make pink

63
Q

Can one gene influence many phenotypes?

A

yes

64
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

one gene has multiple effects on the phenotype - e.g. a gene might affect more than one biochemical pathway, e.g. marfan syndrome

65
Q

What type of genes have unique inheritance patterns?

A

sex-linked

66
Q

What is a sex-linked gene?

A

phenotypes that affect one sex more than the other (that is, the alleles controlling them are on the X or Y chromosome)

67
Q

How many alleles for X-linked genes do males have?

A

one

68
Q

How many alleles for X-linked genes do females have?

A

two

69
Q

Does the Y chromosome have alleles for X-linked genes?

A

No

70
Q

Which allele is expressed for the X on males?

A

whichever allele males have on their single X chromosome is the one that is expressed as a phenotype

71
Q

What prevents double dosing of gene products?

A

X-inactivation

72
Q

Each cell does what to prevent double dosing of gene products?

A

each cell in an XX individual randomly inactivates one X chromosome (the genes on the inactivated chromosomes won’t be used to produce proteins)

73
Q

What can alter a phenotype?

A

the environment (e.g. siamese cats have a mutation in a gene for an enzyme responsible for pigment production in their fur. the mutates enzymes is active only in cool body parts, while in warm body parts the mutated enzyme is inactive and no color is produced. Thus the cats have black paws, face, ears, and tail while the rest of the body is colorless)

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