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Baby Bio > Chap 8 DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis > Flashcards

Chap 8 DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All cells do what?

A

divide

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2
Q

No living organisms can reproduce without what?

A

cell division

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3
Q

How do unicellular organisms reproduce?

A

they divide

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4
Q

Cell division produces what?

A

a continuous supply of replacement cells in multicellular organisms

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5
Q

What are the parts of the sexual life cycle?

A

eukaryotic cells divide my meiosis

gametes fuse during fertilization

eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis

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6
Q

What is meiosis?

A

where each mature individual produces sex cells by another form of cell division (meiosis)

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7
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

only during reproduction

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8
Q

Sex cells produced by meiosis contain what?

A

half the DNA as body cells

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9
Q

What happens in fertilization?

A

the zygote inherits DNA from both gametes

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10
Q

What are the gametes of humans?

A

sperm cell

egg cell

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11
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

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12
Q

How does a zygote divide?

A

by mitosis

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13
Q

What does the zygote become after mitosis?

A

fetus

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14
Q

What are the roles of mitosis?

A

allow organisms to grow and develop. repair tissue, regenerate lost body parts

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15
Q

Can some organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

cell death

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17
Q

Apoptosis (cell death) can do what?

A

carve out distinctive structures during development

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18
Q

What are the types of cell division?

A

binary fission
mitosis
meiosis

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19
Q

What type of cells use binary fission to divide?

A

prokaryotes

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20
Q

What type of cells use mitosis to divide?

A

eukaryotes (skin repair, division of a zygote)

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21
Q

What type of cells use meiosis to divide?

A

production of sex cells (half of the total amount of parent genes)

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22
Q

DNA replication is linked to what?

A

cell division

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23
Q

Cells must do what before they can divide?

A

copy/replicate their DNA

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24
Q

What is replicated before division?

A

the entire genome so each new cell gets one complete copy of the DNA

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25
Q

What replicates DNA?

A

enzymes

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26
Q

Which enzyme unwinds the DNA?

A

helicases

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27
Q

Which enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands?

A

DNA polymerase

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28
Q

Which enzyme join short strands of DNA into long strands?

A

ligases

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29
Q

What assures that the new DNA strands have the correct sequence?

A

complementary base pairing

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30
Q

DNA replication is what?

A

semiconservative

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31
Q

What does semiconservative mean?

A

the cell keeps the original, parental DNA each time replication takes place, while producing new DNA at the same time

32
Q

After replication each DNA has what?

A

one parental strand

one daughter strand

33
Q

Replication enzymes do what?

A

divide up the work

34
Q

DNA replication begins…?

A

simultaneously at multiple spots along the chromosome called origins of replication

35
Q

Which direction does replication proceed?

A

both directions at once from each origin

36
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

binary fission

37
Q

What happens in binary fission?

A

DNA is replicated and is distributed to two daughter cells

38
Q

Eukaryotic DNA does what before cell division?

A

winds up extra tightly

39
Q

What happens to DNA during replication?

A

it is unwound

40
Q

After replication and before the cell starts to divide what happens with the DNA?

A

it condenses (coils up neatly)

41
Q

During cell division eukaryotic chromosomes are what?

A

visible

42
Q

Before replication DNA is visible as what?

A

chromatin

43
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes are highly what?

A

condensed DNA

44
Q

Each chromosome consists of two what?

A

identical sister chromatids, one for each copy of the replicated DNA

45
Q

The cells cycle is…?

A

a repeated series of events

46
Q

What is the time line of the cell cycle?

A

the beginning of one cell division until the beginning of the next

47
Q

The cell cycle includes what?

A

the time when cells are dividing (mitosis) and the time when cells are not dividing (interphase)

48
Q

What is M phase?

A

mitosis

49
Q

What is eukaryotic cell division?

A

mitosis

50
Q

What happens in the M phase?

A

cells leaving the G2 phase enter mitosis, the division of the nucleus, which is followed by cytokinesis

51
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the division of the cell itself

52
Q

What are the steps of the cell cycle?

A 
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
53
Q

Which parts of the cell cycle is part of interphase?

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

54
Q

Which part of the cell cycle is part of mitosis?

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

55
Q

What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

normal cell function and cell growth

56
Q

What is the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA replication

57
Q

What is the G2 phase of cell division?

A

additional growth and preparation for division

58
Q

How many steps are in mitosis?

A

4 and cytokinesis

59
Q

mitosis starts with what?

A

prophase

60
Q

What is the prophase part of mitosis?

A

DNA is condensed into chromosomes so two copies of the genome can be separated later

a spindle forms (it is made of microtubules)

61
Q

What happens once the spindle forms?

A

chromosomes attach to it

62
Q

What comes after prophase in mitosis?

A

metaphase

63
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up at the equator (this ensures that each cell will receive one copy of each chromosome)

64
Q

What happens after metaphase in mitosis?

A

anaphase

65
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

the spindle separates the chromatids (the spindle shortens, moving the sister chromatids toward the opposite centroids)

66
Q

What happens after anaphase in mitosis?

A

telophase

67
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

chromosomes unwind and spindle dissolves

68
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm divides into two new cells

69
Q

The cell cycle is under tight control?

A

yes

70
Q

What regulates the cell cycle?

A

chemical checkpoints

71
Q

The chemical checkpoint of the cell cycle check what?

A

all DNA has replicated

DNA is not damaged

chromosomes line up and separate properly

72
Q

Cancer cells do what?

A

divide out of control

73
Q

In cancer the body loses control of what?

A

cell division

74
Q

What do cancer cells do?

A

continue to divide when they do not need to and override the checkpooints

75
Q

Treatment does what?

A

remove or kill abnormal cells

76
Q

Cancer treatments include what?

A

surgical tumor removal

anticancer drugs that slow or block cell division

radiation that kills targeted tumor cells

77
Q

How many chromosomes are there after cytokinesis?

A

4 (2 in each cell)

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