Chap 16 Evolution and Diversity of Plants Flashcards
What are the characteristics of a plant?
eukaryotic
autotrophic
multicellular
cells have chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
What are the four phyla in kingdom plantae?
bryophytes
seedless vascular plants
gymnosperms
angiosperms
What molecular features are shared between green algae and plants
DNA sequence shows close evolutionary relationship
chloroplasts contain the same pigment
cell walls contain cellulose
both use starch as a storage molecule
What are the key features that determine a plant’s phyla?
vascular tissue
seeds
flowers and fruits
Which phylum has no vascular tissue, no seeds, and no flower/fruits?
bryophytes
Which phylum has vascular tissue, no seeds, and no flower/fruits?
seedless vascular plants
Which phylum has vascular tissue, has seeds, and no flowers/fruits?
gymnosperms
Which phylum has vascular tissue, has seeds, and has flowers/fruits?
angiosperms
What is an adaptation to life on land?
a leaf
What to leaves on a plant do?
used to obtain food
capture sunlight and CO2 for photosynthesis
Plant leaves have evolved what?
cuticle - to keep from drying out
stomata - to allow gas exchanges
roots
vascular tissue
reproductive structures
What does vascular tissue do in a plant?
transports water and nutrients
What are the functions of roots on a plant?
for obtaining water and minerals, while physically anchoring the plant in soil
What are vascular tissue in a plant?
bundle of tubes that transport water, minerals, and sugar throughout the plant
What are the two parts of vascular tissue?
xylem
phloem
Where is lignin and what does it do?
in xylem walls (vascular tissue)
supports the plant
What do land plants make in order to reproduce?
gametes that can survive and find each other on land
make embryos that are protected from drying out
Plants do what with their generations?
alternate
What are the multicellular plants that carry out all life processes?
sporophyte
gametophyte
What is the characteristic of the sporophyte generation?
diploid
What is the characteristic of the gametophyte generation?
haploid
gametophytes and sporophytes evolved different what?
lifestyles
In simple plants the gametophyte is — and — dependent on the sporophyte?
larger
less
In more complex plants the gametophyte is — and — dependent on the sporophyte?
smaller
more
Which are the simplest plants?
bryophytes
Where do bryophytes live?
shady moist habitats
What do bryophytes do?
they help build the soil that larger plants use
Give example of plants that are bryophytes.
mosses
hornworts
liverworts
Bryophytes have a small what?
sporophyte
What is the sporophyte?
a stalk attached to the gametophyte
What does the sporophyte do?
produces spores that grow into new haploid gametophyte plants
Where do bryophytes reproduce?
in water
How do bryophyte reproduce?
gametes formed by mitosis in separate sperm and egg producing structures in the gametophyte
sperm swims to the egg cell in a film of water that coats the plants
Seedless vascular plants have true what?
roots, stems, and leaves
What allowed seedless vascular plants to grow much larger than bryophytes?
vascular tissue
How did vascular tissue help seedless vascular plants?
gave them an edge in competing for sunlight
Seedless vascular plants have a large what?
sporophyte
What does the sporophyte do in seedless vascular plants?
it grows up and out of the gametophyte
as it matures, it detaches and grows separately, then produces spores
Seedless vascular plants require what for reproduction?
water
How do seedless vascular plants reproduce?
gametophytes produce male and female gametes.
sperm swim from female gametophytes in water
What does gymnosperm mean literally?
naked seed plants
What do gymnosperm sporophytes look like?
very large and conspicuous
What are the sporophytes of most gymnosperms?
woody trees or shrubs
What does the sporophyte produce in gymnosperms?
both male and female cones
Gymnosperm cones develop into what?
tiny gametophytes
Where are the male and female gamete formed in gymnosperms?
pollen, containing sperm, is formed in the male cones
ovules, containing eggs, are formed in the female cones
Reproducing gymnosperms does not require what, and why?
water
sperm do not need to swim through water ti eggs for fertilization
How do gymnosperms reproduce?
windblown pollen grains settle between the scales of female cones and adhere to ovules.
fertilization occurs inside the ovules
Angiosperms produce what?
seed in fruits
Where do angiosperms produce pollen and egg cells?
in flowers, which develop into fruit after fertilization
How do angiosperm sporophytes look?
very large and conspicuous
What are the sporophytes of angiosperms?
trees and other
When do angiosperm gametophytes get together?
at pollination
What happens during angiosperm pollination?
a grain of pollen (male gametophyte) produces a pollen tube to reach the ovule (female gametophyte)
angiosperms have double …?
fertilization
What happens in double fertilization?
two sperm nuclei travel through the pollen tube
one fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. This is the first cell of the sporophyte.
the other sperm fertilizes the central cell’s polar nuclei. This will develop into the endosperm, which feeds the embryo inside the seeds.
How is the endosperm made?
one sperm cell fertilizes the central cell’s polar nuclei
