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Baby Bio > Chap 7 DNA Structure and Gene Function > Flashcards

Chap 7 DNA Structure and Gene Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

a molecule which is a type of nucleic acid

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2
Q

What do cells use to store genetic information?

A

DNA

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3
Q

What do cells need to produce proteins?

A

genetic information/DNA

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4
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group
five carbon sugar
nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What are the possible nitrogenous bases for DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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6
Q

Nucleotides form what?

A

strands of DNA

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7
Q

What bonds form between nucleotides?

A

covalent

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8
Q

How many strands make up each DNA molecule?

A

two

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9
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

double helix

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10
Q

DNA strands are what to each other?

A

complementary

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11
Q

What bonds form between the nitrogenous bases ?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Which nucleotides bond to each other?

A

Adenine to Thymine

Cytosine to Guanine

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13
Q

What is a sequence in DNA?

A

order of the nucleotides

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14
Q

What determines the sequence of each DNA strand?

A

the sequence of the one before

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15
Q

DNA is packed tightly into what?

A

chromosomes

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16
Q

What is an organisms genome?

A

all of the genetic material in its cells

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17
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a discrete package of DNA coiled around proteins

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18
Q

What would happen if DNA were to unwind?

A

it would be too long to fit inside the cell

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19
Q

Protein production starts with what?

A

DNA

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20
Q

What is a gene?

A

a small region of a chromosome

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21
Q

The sequence of DNA each gene does what?

A

encodes a specific protein

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22
Q

What does protein production require?

A

RNA

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23
Q

What is RNA?

A

a nucleic acid that participates in protein synthesis

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24
Q

What are the complementary bases of RNA?

A

Adenine to Uracil

Guanine to Cytosine

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25
Q

Shape of DNA?

A

double stranded/double helix

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26
Q

Shape of RNA?

A

single stranded

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27
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

deoxyribose (has an H)

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28
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

ribose (has an OH)

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29
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

stores RNA and protein-encoding info, transfers info to next generation os cells

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30
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

carries protein-encoding info, helps make proteins, catalyzes some rxns

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31
Q

A gene is like what?

A

a recipe in a cookbook

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32
Q

Where are the instructions for the “recipe”

A

DNA

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33
Q

What determines which proteins a cell can produce?

A

the genome

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34
Q

What does the cell use to synthesize RNA?

A

DNA

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35
Q

What is the process of RNA synthesis?

A

transcription

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36
Q

What does RNA do?

A

uses its genetic info to synthesize proteins

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37
Q

What is the process of RNA protein synthesis?

A

translation

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38
Q

Transcription does what?

A

uses DNA to create RNA

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39
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

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40
Q

Transcription is like what?

A

opening a cookbook to a particular page and copying just the recipe for the dish

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41
Q

In transcription what determines RNA sequence?

A

DNA sequence

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42
Q

What happens to make RNA?

A

base pairings take place between RNA and DNA nucleotides

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43
Q

What are the pairing made between DNA and RNA?

A 
DNA              RNA
A.....................U
C.....................G
G.....................C
T......................A
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44
Q

Transcription does what?

A

builds mRNA

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45
Q

What are the steps for transcription?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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46
Q

What starts transcription initiation?

A

RNA polymerase

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47
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

unwinds the DNA double helix so it can bind to DNA

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48
Q

What is the beginning of the gene called?

A

the promoter

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49
Q

What happens in transcription elongation?

A

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA

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50
Q

RNA polymerase does what in transcription elongation?

A

moves along the template strand, making an RNA copy

51
Q

RNA polymerase joins what in transcription elongation?

A

RNA nucleotides together into a strand of RNA

52
Q

What happens in transcription termination?

A

RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene

53
Q

What is the end of a gene called?

A

the terminator

54
Q

What is complete in transcription termination?

A

RNA

55
Q

What happens at the terminator?

A

RNA, DNA, and RNA polymerase separate from each other

56
Q

DNA does what at the end of transcription?

A

becomes a double helix again

57
Q

Overall transcription produces what?

A

an RNA copy of a gene

58
Q

In translation RNA builds what?

A

protein

59
Q

Describe translation

A

cells translate the mRNA “message” into a sequence of amino acids

60
Q

If mRNA is like a copy of a recipe then translation is like…?

A

preparing the dish

61
Q

All cells have the same what?

A

genetic code

62
Q

What is a codon?

A

a set of three nucleotides that encode one amino acid

63
Q

Name the codons?

A

Lysine
Serine
Valine

64
Q

Translation requires what?

A

ribosomes

65
Q

What are ribosomes are made of what?

A

proteins and rRNA

66
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

help the three types if RNA interact with each other to build a protein

67
Q

Each ribosome has how many parts?

A

two: small subunit

large subunit

68
Q

Translation takes place in how many steps?

A

3

69
Q

What are the steps of translation?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

70
Q

Describe the process of translation.

A

mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes come together, link amino acids into a chain, and then dissociate again

71
Q

What happens in translation initiation?

A

mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit

72
Q

What happens in translation elongation?

A

amino acids are joined together.

73
Q

How are amino acids joined together in translation elongation?

A

enzymes in the large ribosomal subunit join the amino acids together by forming a peptide bond

74
Q

After amino acids are joined what happens next in translation elongation?

A

ribosome moves to the next codon

75
Q

At each mRNA codon what happens?

A

the elongation process repeats (the next tRNA enters the ribosome, and it anticodon base-pairs with the mRNA codon)

76
Q

Enzymes form what to join the new amino acids?

A

peptide bond

77
Q

What is the end of the mRNA

A

the stop codon

78
Q

What happens in translation termination?

A

a protein (release factor) binds to the stop codon. There is no tRNA that can bind there, so no more amino acids will be added.

79
Q

Cells do what with their genes?

A

express

80
Q

What is gene expression?

A

synthesizing RNA and then protein

81
Q

Cells only express which genes?

A

the ones they need to use e.g. red blood cells express hemoglobin, pancreas cells express insulin

82
Q

Cells regulate what?

A

gene expression (but in different ways)

83
Q

How do cells save energy?

A

by only producing the needed proteins

84
Q

All cells have ways to control the rate and timing of what?

A

transcription

85
Q

Eukaryotic cells often control the rate and timing of what?

A

translation

86
Q

What regulates gene expression?

A 
DNA packaging 
Transcription factors
RNA processing
RNA export
DNA degradation
Protein activity
87
Q

Where does gene regulation start in eukaryotes?

A

the nucleus

88
Q

How would a gene not be able to be transcribed?

A

by being wound up very tightly

89
Q

What do transcription factors bind to?

A

DNA

90
Q

What is affected when transcription factors bind to DNA?

A

the activity of RNA polymerase, altering the rate of transcription

91
Q

What is RNA processing?

A

parts if mRNA can be cut out before is leaves the nucleus creating different proteins from the same mRNA

92
Q

Certain eukaryotic proteins hold mRNA where?

A

inside the nucleus preventing them from reaching a ribosome

93
Q

RNA export is what?

A

when a protein holds mRNA inside the nucleus

94
Q

mRNAs may be quickly what before they can be translated into much protein?

A

degraded

95
Q

While some mRNAs are quickly degraded other are…?

A

long lived and are translated into a lot of protein

96
Q

What is protein activity?

A

the fact that some proteins are more stable while others are degraded quickly

97
Q

In order to function proteins must…?

A

be properly folded

reach their correct cellular location

98
Q

Mutations do what?

A

change DNA

99
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA

100
Q

Some mutations can cause what?

A

disease

e.g. sickle cell disease

101
Q

What causes mutations?

A

spontaneously from errors in DNA replication

by mutagens

102
Q

What are mutagens?

A

external agents that change DNA structure

103
Q

What are some examples of mutagens?

A

Chemical
Radiation
X-rays

104
Q

Are most mutations harmful?

A

No

105
Q

Can mutations increase an individual’s reproductive success?

A

Yes

106
Q

Viruses can bring what into cells?

A

new genes

107
Q

What happens if a cell receives a new gene?

A

it can produce a new set of proteins

108
Q

How are viruses different than cells?

A

they are smaller and simpler

109
Q

Viruses do not have what?

A 
nucleus
organelles
ribosomes
cell membrane
cytoplasm
110
Q

How do viruses get in/on a cell?

A

they attach to cells (they grab onto proteins on the host cell)

111
Q

What do viruses do when in/on a cell?

A

inject their genes into the cell (viral DNA or RNA)

112
Q

What happens when a virus injects it genes into a cell?

A

the cell begins to synthesize the viral nucleic acids and proteins

113
Q

When the cells produce the new viral proteins what happens?

A

the cells produce new viruses (the nucleic acids and proteins are assembled into complete viruses and leave the cell_

114
Q

How long can some animal viruses linger?

A

years

115
Q

What prevents viral infections?

A

vaccines

116
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

“teach” your immune system to recognize a virus and eliminate it from the body before many cells are infected

117
Q

What are the most potent weapon against many viral diseases?

A

vaccines

118
Q

What slows viral replication?

A

antiviral drugs

119
Q

What do antiviral drugs do?

A

stop viruses from binding to cells or blocks them from hijacking transcription and translation in cells

120
Q

Why is it difficult produce drugs with long-term effectiveness?

A

because viruses mutate rapidly and are so diverse genetically

121
Q

What is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA

122
Q

tRNA has codons or anticodons?

A

anticodons

123
Q

mRNA has codons or anticodons?

A

codons

124
Q

Anticodons have which nucleotides?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Uracil
(only has 3)

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