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Baby Bio > Chap 27 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Chap 27 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the respiratory and circulatory systems for?

A

they work together to provide the body with oxygen

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2
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

exchanges CO2 for O2

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3
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

delivers the O2 to the rest of the body’s cells

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4
Q

What travels through the circulatory system?

A

blood

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5
Q

How does blood move throughout the circulatory system?

A

the heart pumps the blood through vessels

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6
Q

What carries blood to respiratory surfaces?

A

blood vessels

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7
Q

What happens with blood at the respiratory surface?

A

the blood exchanges gases with the environment

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8
Q

Blood vessels also carry blood to where?

A

body tissues

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9
Q

What happens with blood in body tissues?

A

blood exchanges gases and nutrients

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10
Q

Blood is closely connected to other…?

A

organ systems

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11
Q

What is the step by step way that blood interacts with organs?

A

blood carries gases that are exchanged in the respiratory system

nutrients enter the blood from the digestive system

blood circulates through the kidneys, which eliminate many wastes

blood carries hormones from the endocrine system and participants in immune reactions

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12
Q

What is blood made of?

A

cells in suspended plasma

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13
Q

Blood consists of what?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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14
Q

The cells in blood produce what?

A

a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma

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15
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

mostly water
contains some antibodies
many other dissolved substances

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16
Q

Red blood cells do what?

A

carry oxygen

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17
Q

Red blood cells are the only cells in the body that express what?

A

hemoglobin

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18
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

a protein that binds to oxygen

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19
Q

Where do red blood cells originate?

A

from stem cells in red bone marrow

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20
Q

What happens to red blood cells as they mature?

A

they lose all their organelles and fill up with as much hemoglobin as possible

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21
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

fight infection

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22
Q

Blood contains How many types of white blood cells?

A

5

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23
Q

What are white blood cells called?

A

leukocytes

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24
Q

White blood cells are part of what system?

A

immune system

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25
Q

How do white blood cells fight infection?

A

they provoke inflammation and destroy microbes, among many other functions

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26
Q

What do platelets do

A

help blood clot

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27
Q

What are platelets?

A

small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting when there is a wound

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28
Q

Platelets do what to stop bleeding?

A

form a clump that temporarily plugs the leak

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29
Q

After temporarily plugging the leak what so platelets do?

A

they attract plasma proteins called clotting factors that trap blood cells and platelets forming a blood clot

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30
Q

What are the many function of blood in the body?

A 
gas exchange
nutrient transport
waste transport
hormone transport
formation of interstitial fluid
maintenance of homeostasis
protection
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31
Q

Cells depend on what to maintain homeostasis in their levels of water, salts, and other nutrients?

A

the exchanges made by plasma

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32
Q

What is the main function of plasma?

A

to exchange water and dissolved substances with fluid that surrounds the body’s cells

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33
Q

How are blood vessels classified?

A

by direction of blood flow

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34
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

arterioles

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35
Q

What carries blood back to the heart?

A

veins

venules

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36
Q

What are the tiniest blood vessels?

A

capillaries

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37
Q

What happens to water and dissolved substances at capillaries?

A

they diffuse between each capillary and the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells

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38
Q

What is the heart?

A

a muscular pump

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39
Q

How many chamber s the the heart have?

40
Q

What part of the heart receives blood from veins?

41
Q

What part of the heart pumps blood into arteries?

A

ventricles

42
Q

The heart needs what?

A

a blood supply

43
Q

What branches off from the aorta and brings O2-rich blood to the heart?

A

coronary arteries

44
Q

A vein entering the right atrium returns blood that has been doing what?

A

circulating within the walls of the heart

45
Q

What is the most common cause of a heart attack?

A

blockage of a coronary artery

46
Q

Where does blood get oxygen from?

47
Q

Blood brings oxygen to what?

48
Q

What is the fist step of blood flow through the body?

A

O2-poor blood enters the right atrium and is pumped into the right ventricle

49
Q

What is the second step of blood flow through the body?

A

blood moves through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it picks up O2 and unloads CO2

50
Q

What is the third step of blood flow through the body?

A

the pulmonary veins carry O2-rich blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

51
Q

What is the fourth step of blood flow through the body?

A

O2-rich blood enters the left atrium and is pumped into the left ventricle

52
Q

What is the fifth step of blood flow through the body?

A

contraction of the left ventricle sends blood into the aorta, the largest artery in the body

53
Q

What is the sixth step of blood flow through the body?

A

the blood circulates throughout the body before returning through the veins to the right ventricle

54
Q

What strengthens the heart?

55
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood pumped each minute

56
Q

What determines cardiac output?

A

by the heart rate and the strength of the heart

57
Q

WHO recommends what for exercise?

A

150 minutes of moderate exercise per per week

58
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the force blood exerts on the vessel walls

59
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer

60
Q

What does negative feedback regulate?

A

short term blood pressure

61
Q

What detects blood pressure and passes that information to the medulla in the brainstem?

A

pressure receptors in the walls of major arteries

62
Q

What adjusts both heart rate and the diameter of arterioles to maintain homeostasis?

A

the medulla, via the autonomic nervous system

63
Q

What regulates blood pressure?

A

arteriole diameter

64
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

narrowing of blood vessels

65
Q

When does vasoconstriction occur?

A

when smooth muscle in arteriole walls contracts

66
Q

What happens to blood pressure when arteriole diameter decreases?

A

blood pressure increases

67
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

widening of blood vessels

68
Q

When does vasodilation occur?

A

when the same muscle relax, decreasing pressure

69
Q

What does altering arteriole diameter allow the body to do?

A

increase blood delivery to regions that need it most

70
Q

Where does breathing start?

A

in the upper respiratory system

71
Q

Air enters the respiratory system through what?

A

nose and mouth

72
Q

After air enters the body it passes through what?

A

the pharynx

73
Q

The pharynx and mouth are part which systems?

A

digestive and respiratory systems (since both food and air pass through them)

74
Q

What are the main human respiratory organs?

75
Q

The trachea branches into what?

A

two bronchi

76
Q

Where do the bronchi lead?

A

one to each lung

77
Q

The bronchi branch repeatedly into what?

A

bronchioles

78
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls what to adjust airflow?

A

the contraction of muscles in the bronchioles

79
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

80
Q

Each alveolus is what?

A

a tiny sac with a wall of epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick.

81
Q

What happens in each alveolus?

A

oxygen and CO2 diffuse through the thin walls of the alveoli and the neighboring capillaries

82
Q

Breathing requires what?

A

pressure changes

83
Q

Air flows from what to what?

A

areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

84
Q

What happens in the lungs when we inhale and exhale?

A

air pressure changes

85
Q

How does air flow through the human respiratory system?

A
  1. ) contraction of the diaphragm expands chest cavity
  2. ) air floes into the body through nose/mouth
  3. ) gas exchange occurs at alveoli
  4. ) relaxation of diaphragm shrinks cavity
  5. )air flows out of the body
86
Q

What are the steps of airflow when entering the body?

A

air enters through nose/mouth

then goes to trachea

then to bronchus

then to bronchiole

finally to alveoli

87
Q

O2 and CO2 diffuse in…?

A

opposite directions

88
Q

Gas exchange in the alveoli and at the body’s other tissues relies on what?

A

simple diffusion

89
Q

Where does O2 enter the blood?

A

O2 diffuses into the blood at alveoli

90
Q

Where does O2 exit the blood?

A

diffuses out of the blood at tissue cells

91
Q

Where does CO2 enter the blood?

A

at tissue cells

92
Q

Where does CO2 exit the blood?

A

diffuses into the environment at alveoli

93
Q

Breathing is controlled by what?

A

negative feedback of blood pH

94
Q

What happens to blood as CO2 levels rise?

A

it becomes more acidic

95
Q

What detects change in blood pH?

A

receptors in the arteries and in the medulla of the brain

96
Q

In response to increasing blood acidity, what does the brain do?

A

the brain stimulates an increase in the breathing rate

97
Q

What happens when the breathing rate increases?

A

the body acquires additional O2 and releases excess CO2, maintaining homeostasis in blood gas concentrations

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