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Baby Bio > Chap 26 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

Chap 26 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The muscular system and the skeletal system function…?

A

together

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2
Q

What does the muscular system provide?

A

motion

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3
Q

How does the muscular system provide motion?

A

muscle cells contract when stimulated by the nervous system

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4
Q

What does the skeletal system provide?

A

adds a firm supporting structure that muscles pull against

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5
Q

What are the organs of the vertebrate skeleton?

A

bones

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6
Q

What are the two categories bones are grouped in?

A

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

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7
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

surrounds the central axis of the body

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8
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

consists of the appendages and the bones that support them

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9
Q

What does the axial skeleton do?

A

shields soft body parts (e.g. skull, ribs, vertebrae)

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10
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton do?

A

consists of limbs

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11
Q

What does the vertebrate skeleton feature?

A

a central backbone

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12
Q

What protects and supports the spinal cord?

A

the vertebral column

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13
Q

What protects the heart and lungs, and is attached to the vertebral column?

A

ribs

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14
Q

What happens to the vertebral column in scoliosis?

A

it curves to the side

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15
Q

What provides useful clues to past events?

A

bones

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16
Q

What can bones reveal about the past?

A

gender of a person
illnesses
evolution

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17
Q

What are the different functions of bones?

A

support and protection

bones connected to muscles provide movement

bone mineral supply calcium and phosphorus to the rest of the body

blood cells form at the marrow inside the bones

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18
Q

Where do bones produce new blood cells?

A

in the marrow

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19
Q

What is the marrow cavity?

A

a space occupying the center of the bone shaft

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20
Q

What is a nursery for blood cells and platelets?

A

red bone marrow

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21
Q

What replaces red marrow in adult limb bones?

A

yellow bone marrow

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22
Q

What is yellow bone marrow unable to do?

A

produce blood (but it can revert to red marrow if necessary)

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23
Q

What do bones contain?

A

nerves
blood vessels
cartilage

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24
Q

T/F bones are living organs.

A

True

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25
Q

Canals throughout the bone house what?

A

veins
arteries
nerves

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26
Q

Besides bone, what is the other main connective tissue in the skeleton?

A

cartilage

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27
Q

Where is cartilage located?

A

covering the ends of bones

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28
Q

What does cartilage consist of?

A

mostly tough, elastic proteins

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29
Q

Cartilage resists what?

A

breakage and stretching (even when bearing great weight)

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30
Q

Cartilage can also act as an excellent?

A

shock absorber

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31
Q

Where does the skeleton begin?

A

cartilage

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32
Q

What happens to bone and a fetus develops?

A

bone tissue replaces cartilage

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33
Q

What continues to happen to the bone as the person matures?

A

bones continue to develop after birth as the bone matrix becomes materialized

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34
Q

In children, where does bone growth continue?

A

at growth plates made of cartilage

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35
Q

Where do bones meet?

A

at a joint

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36
Q

What are tendons?

A

tough bands of connective tissue that attach bone to muscle

37
Q

What are ligaments?

A

similar to tendons and attach bone to bone

38
Q

What is a joint?

A

an area where two bones meet, allowing for movement

39
Q

Bones are surrounded by what, that allows bones to move against each other without friction?

A

fluid-filled capsule of fibrous connective tissue

40
Q

Bones help regulate what?

A

calcium homeostasis

41
Q

The body maintains calcium homeostasis under the control of what?

A

hormones

42
Q

How does the body maintain calcium homeostasis?

A

by constantly shuttling calcium between blood and bone

43
Q

What is calcium vital for?

A

muscle contraction
blood clotting
the activity if certain enzymes

44
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

the loss of calcium from bone tissue, which weakens the bone

45
Q

Muscles have multiple what in the body?

A

functions

46
Q

The human muscular system includes more than …. , which carry out various functions in addition to voluntary movement?

A

600 skeletal muscles

47
Q

Which muscles are involuntary, and thus are not typically considered part of the muscular system?

A

smooth muscle

cardiac muscles

48
Q

What are the different functions of muscles?

A

voluntary movement

control of body openings

maintain posture

communication

maintain body temperature

49
Q

Muscles have what?

A

a hierarchical organization

50
Q

What is a muscle?

A

an organ enclosed in connective tissue, nourished by blood vessels, and controlled by nerves

51
Q

Muscles contain many what, made of thick and thin filaments?

A

myofibrils

52
Q

Myofibrils are made up of what?

A

filamentous contractile proteins, actin and myosin

53
Q

Thin filaments have which protein?

A

actin

54
Q

Thick filaments have which protein?

A

myosin

55
Q

Actin and myosin do what next to each other?

A

slide past each other

56
Q

According to what, a muscle cell contracts when thin filaments slide between thick ones?

A

sliding filament model

57
Q

What are the basis of muscle movements?

A

interactions described in the sliding filament model

58
Q

Each long myofibril is divided in chunks, or function units called?

A

sarcomeres

59
Q

What happens to sarcomeres when a muscle cell contracts?

A

sarcomeres become shorter

60
Q

The motion that occurs as the contractile proteins slide past each other shortens each sarcomere without changing what?

A

the lengths of the thick or thin filaments

61
Q

What makes the sliding motion possible?

A

ATP

62
Q

What is step 1 of allowing the sliding motion?

A

actin and myosin filaments are near each other but not touching

63
Q

What is step 2 of allowing the sliding motion?

A

the muscle cell has received an impulse from the nervous system, myosin binds to actin, forming cross bridges

64
Q

What is step 3 of allowing the sliding motion?

A

the cross bridge changes shape from straight to bent. This “power stroke” pulls on the actin filament

65
Q

What is step 4 of allowing the sliding motion?

A

ATP binds to the cross bridges, which causes them to separate from the actin binding sites

66
Q

What is step 5 of allowing the sliding motion?

A

hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy to return myosin to its straight conformation

67
Q

What stimulate muscle contraction?

A

motor neurons

68
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

send impulses from the central nervous system to muscle cells, causing them to contract

69
Q

One motor neuron typically what?

A

synapses with several muscle cells, forming motor units that all contract together

70
Q

What allows actin and myosin to interact?

A

calcium ions

71
Q

What is step 1 in allowing actin and myosin to interact?

A

neurotransmitters cause opening of ion channels in the muscle cells

72
Q

What is step 2 in allowing actin and myosin to interact?

A

this causes accumulation of calcium ions in the cytosol

73
Q

What is step 3 in allowing actin and myosin to interact?

A

calcium ions change the shape of the thin filaments, allowing the myosin heads to bind to actin

74
Q

Muscle cells have several ways to produce what?

A

ATP

75
Q

What is the first way ATP can be produced?

A

ATP is generated in aerobic respiration and during muscle activity

76
Q

What is the second way ATP can be produced?

A

ATP can be directly replenished with the help of a molecule called creatine phosphate

77
Q

What is the third way ATP can be produced?

A

when the creatine phosphate supply is depleted, aerobic respiration continues to produce ATP as long as muscles are receiving enough oxygen

78
Q

What is the fourth way ATP can be produced?

A

otherwise, the cells switch to fermentation, an anaerobic pathway of ATP production that generates lactic acid as a byproduct

79
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibers?

A

slow-twitch

fast-twitch

80
Q

What are slow-twitch fibers?

A

small, use energy slowly, have high endurance

81
Q

What are fast-twitch fibers?

A

large, use bursts of energy, tire quickly

82
Q

The proportion of muscle fibers influences what?

A

athletic performance

83
Q

People with a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers excel at what?

A

endurance sports

84
Q

People with a higher proportion of fast-twitch fibers excel at what?

A

short, fast events

85
Q

The proportion of muscle fibers is influenced by what?

A

genetics and exercise

86
Q

What do genes determine in muscles?

A

the fast/slow twitch ratio

87
Q

Is is possible to alter the fast/slow twitch ratio through exercise?

A

yes

88
Q

Exercise also does what to muscles?

A

increases the size of muscle cells

increases the efficiency of muscle metabolism

increases the blood flow to muscles

increases bone strength

Baby Bio (21 decks)

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