Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Baby Bio > Chap 25 The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chap 25 The Endocrine System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What provides slow, lasting communication?

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the bodies two communication networks?

A

nervous system

endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The endocrine system’s effects are what compared to the nervous system?

A

slower

longer-lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

glands and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the endocrine gland consist of?

A

cells that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which carries the secretions throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a hormone?

A

a biochemical that travels in the bloodstream and alters the metabolism of one or more cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do hormones interact with?

A

receptors in target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do hormones carry out their functions?

A

by binding to receptor proteins in target cells

each hormone is shaped to fit its own receptor protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells express many different hormone receptors and respond to many different hormones?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormones can be classified in terms of?

A

solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

All hormones travel through the blood to reach…?

A

their target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are water-soluble hormones called?

A

peptide hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Water-soluble hormones bind to receptor proteins where?

A

at the outside surface of the target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones can …?

A

diffuse across the target cell membrane and bind to receptor proteins inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Water-soluble proteins activate what?

A

other proteins inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the cascade reaction begin?

A

in the target cell when a water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are produced inside the target cell that causes changes in the cell’s activity?

A

messenger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give an example of of changes in cel l activity?

A

muscle contraction

cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones alter…?

A

gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are lipid-soluble hormones?

A

steroid hormones (e.g. estrogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to the steroid hormone once inside the cell?

A

binds to a receptor, forming a complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the hormone/receptor complex bind to?

A

binds to the DNA inside the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the hormone/receptor do once it binds to DNA in the nucleus?

A

changes the expression of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hormones are released by?

A

many endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in vertebrates?

A 
hypothalamus 
pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries (in females)
testes (in males)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Together these organs release dozens of hormones that simultaneously what?

A

every aspect of our lives, from conception through death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What adjusts hormone production?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The feedback systems coordinated by the hypothalamus respond to what?

A

current hormone levels, keeping hormones at steady levels in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What releases two hormones produced in the hypothalamus?

A

posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two hormones that the posterior pituitary releases?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does ADH do?

A

stimulates cells in the kidneys to return water to the blood stream (rather than eliminating water in urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates ejection of milk from mammary glands and induces contractions of the uterus during child birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The anterior pituitary does what?

A

produces and secretes 6 hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The rate of pituitary hormone release depends on what?

A

on which hormones the hypothalamus secretes

35
Q

What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

A 
GH
Prolactin
TSH
ACTH
FSH, LH
Endorphins
36
Q

Pituitary abnormalities can affect what?

A

body size (under- or overproduction of growth hormones produces abnormally small or large individuals)

37
Q

Metabolism is regulated by what?

A

many hormones

38
Q

Which glands secrete hormones that influence metabolism?

A 
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
pineal gland
39
Q

What sets the metabolic pace?

A

thyroid gland

40
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

thyroxine

triiodothyronine

41
Q

What do the two thyroid hormones do?

A

increases the rate of metabolism in target cells of all tissue types

42
Q

The thyroid also produced what?

A

calcitonin

43
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

decreases blood calcium levels by increasing calcium deposition in bone cells

44
Q

What controls calcium levels?

A

parathyroid glands

45
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

four small groups of cells embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

46
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

increases calcium levels in blood and tissue fluid, opposing the activity of calcitonin

47
Q

What coordinates stress responses?

A

adrenal glands

48
Q

What do adrenal glands look like and where are they located?

A

about the size of walnuts

located atop the kidneys

49
Q

Each adrenal glands does what?

A

produces a different set of hormones that play roles in long-term and short-term responses to stress

50
Q

What regulates short-term stress responses?

A

the adrenal medulla

51
Q

The adrenal medulla produces what?

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

52
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

help the body respond to exercise, trauma, fear, excitement

aka the fight or flight response

53
Q

What are the major responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

increase heart rate and blood pressure

dilate airways, so breathing rate increases

increase metabolic rate

slow digestion

54
Q

What regulates long-term stress response?

A

the adrenal cortex

55
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

glucocorticoids

56
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

help the body mobilize energy, raise blood pressure, and reduce inflammation
(under chronic stress, these responses become unhealthy)

57
Q

What regulates blood glucose?

A

the pancreas

58
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

an elongated gland, about the size of a hand, attached to the small intestine

59
Q

Clusters of cells in the pancreas secrete what?

A

insulin

glucagon

60
Q

What do insulin and glucagon do?

A

regulate the body’s use of glucose

61
Q

What triggers the pancreas to secrete insulin?

A

when glucose from food enters the blood stream

62
Q

What does insulin do?

A

stimulates cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering the blood glucose concentration

63
Q

What triggers the pancreas to secrete glucagon?

A

low blood sugar levels

64
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

stimulates target cells in the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, keeping the levels steady

65
Q

What is caused by too much glucose?

A

diabetes

66
Q

What is diabetes?

A

the body’s cells are staving for lack of glucose even though glucose levels in blood and urine are enormous

67
Q

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

A

pancreatic cells are destroyed and cannot produce insulin, so patients must inject themselves with it

68
Q

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

A

insulin is present but cells become resistant to it. (this form of the disease is impacted by diet and exercise)

69
Q

What regulates sleep?

A

the pineal gland

70
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

71
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

regulates sleep-wake cycles

72
Q

What initiates/inhibits melatonin?

A

darkness initiates melatonin synthesis

light inhibits it

73
Q

Higher levels of melatonin tell the body what?

A

it is time to sleep

74
Q

What regulates the ovaries and testes?

A

FSH and LH

75
Q

FSH and LH are released by?

A

anterior pituitary gland

76
Q

What do FSH and LH trigger in females and where?

A

the events that lead to the release of an egg cell

at target cells in the ovary

77
Q

What do FSH and LH trigger in males and where?

A

stimulates sperm formation and trigger cells to release testosterone

in the testes

78
Q

Hormones from the ovaries and testes do what?

A

coordinate reproduction

79
Q

What hormones are from the ovaries?

A

progesterone

estrogen

80
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

regulates the menstrual cycle and prepares the body for pregnancy

81
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

regulates the menstrual cycle and maintains secondary sex characteristic in females

82
Q

What hormones are from the testes?

A

testosterone

83
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

promotes sperm development and maintains secondary sex characteristics in males

Baby Bio (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions