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Baby Bio > Chap 28 The Digestive and Urinary Systems > Flashcards

Chap 28 The Digestive and Urinary Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the digestive system for?

A

to break down the nutrients in food and eliminates the solid waste as feces

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2
Q

What is the urinary system for?

A

eliminates water-soluble waste and determines the volume and composition of body fluids

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3
Q

The digestive system maintains homeostasis of what?

A

nutrients

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4
Q

When nutrients in the food are broken down where is it delivered?

A

to the blood

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5
Q

What delivers the nutrients to cells throughout the entire body?

A

the circulatory system

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6
Q

The urinary system maintains homeostasis of what?

A

body fluids

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7
Q

What produces urine?

A

kidneys

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8
Q

What is the purpose of producing urine?

A

excrete nitrogenous wastes (urea) and regulate water and electrolyte levels

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9
Q

What is the source of nutrients?

A

food

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10
Q

What do animals use nutrients for?

A

food for cellular respiration

to build their tissues

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11
Q

Metabolism, growth, maintenance, and repair all require what?

A

nutrients

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12
Q

What do nutrients come from?

A 
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
water
vitamins
minerals
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13
Q

What is essential to good health

A

a varied diet

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14
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

they are required in large amounts

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15
Q

What items are macronutrients?

A

water
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

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16
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

they are required in small amounts

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17
Q

What items are micronutrients?

A

vitamins

minerals

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18
Q

A varies diet prevents what?

A

vitamin deficiencies

mineral deficiencies

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19
Q

The U.S. gov’s food guidelines emphasize what?

A 
grains
fresh veggies
low-fat dairy products
fruits
limited amounts of meat and fat
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20
Q

What is the consequence of a lack of vitamin C?

A

scurvy

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21
Q

What is the consequence of a lack of Vitamin A?

A

blindness, impaired immune function

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22
Q

What is the consequence of a lack of Vitamin D?

A

skeletal deformation (rickets)

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23
Q

A lack of calcium does what?

A

muscle cramps/twitches
weakened bones
heart malfunctions

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24
Q

A lack of iron does what?

A

anemia

learning deficits in children

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25
Q

A lack of phosphorus does what?

A

weakness

mineral loss from bones

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26
Q

A lack of potassium does what?

A 
weakness
loss of appetite
muscle cramps
confusion
heart arrhythmia
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27
Q

A lack of sodium does what?

A

muscle cramps
nausea
weakness

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28
Q

What reflects food intake and activity level?

A

body weight

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29
Q

A healthy diet includes what?

A

all of the nutrients necessary to sustain life

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30
Q

What must balance the body’s metabolic rate and activity level?

A

the calorie content of food

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31
Q

What is Body Mass Index (BMI)?

A

a measure that combines weight and height

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32
Q

A BMI of what is considered healthy?

A

between 19 and 25

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33
Q

What is too few calories?

A

starvation

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34
Q

What makes a diet inadequate?

A

too few calories

fails to provide essential nutrients

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35
Q

What is too many calories?

A

obesity

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36
Q

Appetite is controlled by what?

A

hormones

37
Q

Acquiring nutrients is a —- step process.

A

4

38
Q

What are the 4 steps to acquiring nutrients?

A

ingestion

digestion (mechanical or chemical)

absorption

elimination

39
Q

What makes up the digestive system?

A

organs

40
Q

The human digestive system consists of what?

A

gastrointestinal tract

accessory structures

41
Q

What underlies the digestive tract?

A

smooth muscles

42
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is —- and stimulated by what?

A

involuntary

the autonomic nervous system

43
Q

What are peristalsis?

A

rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions

44
Q

What do peristalsis do?

A

move food in one direction through the digestive tract

45
Q

What controls sphincters?

A

muscles

46
Q

What are sphincters?

A

muscular rings that can contract to block the passage of materials

47
Q

The sphincters at the mouth and anus are composed of what and are what?

A

skeletal muscle

voluntary control

48
Q

Other sphincters are within what and are what?

A

the digestive tract

involuntary smooth muscle

49
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

the mouth

50
Q

Enzymes in the saliva begin doing what?

A

digesting starch into sugar monomers

51
Q

What do teeth do?

A

tear food into smaller pieces

52
Q

What does the tongue do?

A

pushes food to the back of the mouth

53
Q

Food is swallowed into the what?

A

pharynx

54
Q

What closes when food passes through the esophagus to the stomach?

A

the trachea (windpipe)

55
Q

What is the stomach?

A

a muscular bag that receives food from esophagus

56
Q

What is the main function of the stomach?

A

mechanical and chemical digestion of food

57
Q

What mechanically digests food in the stomach?

A

churning

58
Q

What chemically digests food in the stomach?

A

gastric juices full of enzymes

59
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

digests and absorbs nutrients

60
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

a long tubular organ lines with a highly folded layer of epithelial cells that maximize the surface area for absorbing nutrients from food

61
Q

Where do digestive enzymes come from?

A

the pancreas

62
Q

The pancreas sends what to the intestine?

A

pancreatic juice

63
Q

What is in pancreatic juice?

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

amylase

lipase

alkaline sodium bicarbonate

64
Q

What does trypsin and chymotrypsin do?

A

break polypeptides

65
Q

What does amylase do?

A

digest starch

66
Q

What does lipase do?

A

breaks down fats

67
Q

What does alkaline sodium bicarbonate do?

A

neutralizes the acid from the stomach

68
Q

What from the liver helps the intestine digest fats?

A

bile

69
Q

What does bile do?

A

emulsifies fast into small globules that mix with water

70
Q

What stores bile and releases it into the small intestine?

A

the gallbladder

71
Q

Does the small intestine digest most molecules?

A

yes

72
Q

What completes absorption?

A

the large intestine

73
Q

The large intestine receives what from the small intestine?

A

chyme

74
Q

The lining of the large intestine does what?

A

absorbs water, ions, and minerals from chyme

75
Q

What happens to what is not absorbed in the large intestine?

A

it is eliminated as feces

76
Q

Animals excrete what?

A

nitrogenous waste

77
Q

What is excretion?

A

the elimination of metabolic wastes

78
Q

What balances ion concentrations in body fluids?

A

osmoregulation

79
Q

What are the multiple functions of the urinary system?

A

filters blood

eliminates nitrogenous wastes

helps maintain the ion concentration of body fluids

produces, stores, and eliminated urine

80
Q

What is the major organ that cleanses blood?

A

kidneys

81
Q

What forms as the kidneys cleanse the blood?

A

urine

82
Q

Where does urine formed in the kidneys travel to?

A

through the ureters to the urinary bladder

83
Q

The body releases urine through what?

A

the urethra

84
Q

What are kidneys made of?

A

nephrons

85
Q

What are the functional units of kidneys?

A

nephrons

86
Q

What regulates kidney function?

A

hormones

87
Q

What does high levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) signal to the kidneys?

A

to decrease the amount of water lost in urine

88
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

promotes reabsorption of Na+ into the blood stream from the nephrons. water follows by osmosis

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