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Baby Bio > Chap 4 The Energy of Life > Flashcards

Chap 4 The Energy of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is energy?

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

What are the different forms of energy?

A

kinetic

potential

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3
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy in motion/movement

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4
Q

What is potential energy?

A

stored energy that is available to do work

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5
Q

Can energy be converted from one form to another?

A

yes

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6
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy is never created or destroyed

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7
Q

What it entropy?

A

a measure of disorder/the randomness of the universe

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8
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

the entropy of the universe is increasing

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9
Q

Why is the entropy of the universe increasing?

A

heat energy is constantly being lost and heat energy is disordered

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10
Q

What does a chemical rxn do?

A

rearranges atoms (break/forms bonds)

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11
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical rxns in cells

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12
Q

In a chemical rxn does it need or release energy when forming a bond?

A

needs energy

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13
Q

In a chemical rxn does it need or release energy when breaking bonds?

A

release energy

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14
Q

Where is the energy in a compound stored?

A

in the chemical bonds

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15
Q

Most energy transformations in organisms occur in what way?

A

oxidation-reduction rxns

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16
Q

What is oxidation-reduction rxn?

A

transfer of electrons

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17
Q

What is oxidation?

A

atom lose electron

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18
Q

What is reduction?

A

atom gains electron

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19
Q

What is an electron transport chain?

A

series of membrane proteins participating in sequential, linked redox rxns

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20
Q

How much energy is released from redox reactions?

A

a small amount

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21
Q

Photosynthesis and respiration both use what?

A

electron transport chain

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22
Q

What happens to the energy released from the electron transport chain?

A

cells store it and use it in other rxns

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23
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate - a nucleotide that temporarily stores energy

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24
Q

What is the cellular currency?

A

ATP

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25
Q

What is the form of energy that cells can use?

A

ATP

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26
Q

What type of energy is stored in ATP?

A

potential

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27
Q

What does ATP do?

A

releases stored energy

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28
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

removing the endmost phosphate group by hydrolysis

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29
Q

What does the cell use the energy for?

A

to do work

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30
Q

ATP if formed during what?

A

cellular respiration

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31
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

chemical rxns that release energy from sugar producing ATP from ADP

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32
Q

ATP is coupled with what?

A

chemical rxns

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33
Q

Reactions that break down ATP are couples with what?

A

rxns that require energy input

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34
Q

What happens when rxns are coupled together?

A

energy released from ATP can power the second rxn

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35
Q

What do enzymes do in a chemical rxn?

A

covert reactants into products

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36
Q

In relation to enzymes what is a substrate?

A

what enzymes act on

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37
Q

In relation to enzymes what are reactants?

A

molecules present at the start of the reaction

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38
Q

In relation to enzymes what are products?

A

molecules present at the end of the reaction

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39
Q

What do enzymes do to the energy in a rxn?

A

lower the activation energy

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40
Q

What is the activation energy of a rxn?

A

the energy required to start a reaction

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41
Q

Without enzymes the activation energy is…?

A

high

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42
Q

How is the activation energy lowered?

A

when an enzyme binds to the substrate the activation energy is lowered

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43
Q

Does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

yes

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44
Q

During what temperature range are enzymes active?

A

55-79 degrees C

is the optimal temperature range

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45
Q

Do chemical factors affect enzyme activity?

A

yes

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46
Q

Where do substances enter/exit a cell?

A

through the membrane

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47
Q

Membranes form what in cells?

A

barriers

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48
Q

Solutes can enter/exit depending on what two factors?

A

concentration gradients

the chemical nature of the substance (polarity, charge, size)

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49
Q

What is a “gradient”

A

concentration difference

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50
Q

What happens when there is a gradient?

A

molecules diffuse until there is no more concentration gradient

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51
Q

maintaining a concentration gradient requires…?

A

energy

52
Q

Is a gradient more ordered or less ordered?

A

more ordered (less entropy)

53
Q

Is no gradient more or less ordered?

A

less ordered (more entropy)

54
Q

Entropy tends to what?

A

increase

55
Q

Simple diffusion does not require what?

A

energy

56
Q

Simple diffusion is a type of what?

A

passive transport

57
Q

When does simple diffusion occur?

A

when there is a concentration difference on one side of a membrane compared to the other

58
Q

How do molecules diffuse?

A

from high concentration to low concentration

59
Q

Osmosis does not require what?

A

energy

60
Q

Osmosis is a type of what?

A

passive transport

61
Q

Osmosis takes place when…?

A

there is a different concentration of water on one side of a selectively permeable membrane compared to the other

62
Q

What determines the water content in animal cells?

A

osmosis

63
Q

How does water move in and out of cells?

A

osmosis

64
Q

Facilitated diffusion does not require what?

A

energy

65
Q

Passive transport includes what?

A

facilitated diffusion

66
Q

When does facilitated diffusion occur?

A

when membrane proteins transport substances across a cell membrane

67
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires what?

A

membrane proteins

68
Q

Active transport requires what?

A

energy

69
Q

Active transport occurs when?

A

membrane proteins use cellular energy to transport substances across a cell membrane

70
Q

The membrane transport protein is referred to as what?

A

a pump

71
Q

With active transport how are substances moved?

A

up their concentration gradient

72
Q

How are ions moved against their gradient?

A

the sodium-potassium pump

73
Q

Where are the “pump” protein found?

A

the membranes of neuron and muscle cells

74
Q

How do small nonpolar molecules enter/exit a cell?

A

passively diffuse across the membrane when there is a concentration gradient (simple diffusion e.g. osmosis and facilitated diffusion)

75
Q

How to large polar molecules enter/exit a cell?

A

active transport into the cell regardless of gradient (membrane protein pumps)

76
Q

Photosynthesis produces what?

A

sugar

77
Q

Explain the photosynthesis rxn?

A

uses light energy and CO2 from the air to form glucose C6H12O6 and other carbohydrates

78
Q

Sugar is a crucial what?

A

food source

79
Q

How is sugar used?

A

in cellular respiration to make ATP for cells to use

80
Q

What powers photosynthesis?

A

sunlight

81
Q

What do photosynthetic organisms need to make their own sugar?

A

sunlight
CO2
water

82
Q

Photons are what?

A

packets of light energy

83
Q

Photosynthesizers capture photons of what?

A

visible light

84
Q

What is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants?

A

chlorophyll a

85
Q

Pigment does what?

A

absorbs energy from some wavelengths of light and reflects other wavelengths

86
Q

What type of cells contain chloroplasts

A

mesophyll

87
Q

Most photosynthetic cells contain how many chloroplasts?

A

40-200

88
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in eukaryotes?

A

chloroplasts

89
Q

In how many stages does photosynthesis occur?

A

2 - Light rxns

- Carbon rxns

90
Q

What happens in the light rxn of photosynthesis?

A

light energy is captured and converted to chemical energy

91
Q

What happens in the carbon rxns of photosynthesis?

A

energy is used to produce sugar

92
Q

Where does the light rxn in photosynthesis occur?

A

thylakoids

93
Q

The light rxn in photosynthesis required what?

A

water

light

94
Q

What is produced in the light rxn of photosynthesis?

A

ATP

NADPH (to carry and store energy)

95
Q

What is formed as a byproduct of the light rxn of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen gas

96
Q

What do the carbon rxns do in photosynthesis?

A

carbohydrates

97
Q

What is the name for the carbon rxns in photosynthesis?

A

calvin cycle

98
Q

Where do the carbon rxns in photosynthesis occur?

A

the stroma (liquid filled space in the chloroplasts)

99
Q

What powers the calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

100
Q

What does the calvin cycle do?

A

assembles CO2 molecules into carbohydrates

101
Q

What do plants use sugar for?

A

respiration to make ATP

build complex sugars/polysaccharides

102
Q

Plants use different what?

A

carbon fixation pathways

103
Q

Carbon fixation pathways are plant what?

A

adaptations

104
Q

What type of plants do well in cool moist weather?

A

C3

105
Q

What type of plants do well in hot dry weather?

A

C4

CAM

106
Q

Organisms need what?

A

food

oxygen

107
Q

Cells use energy in food to make what?

A

ATP

108
Q

What would happen to cells without ATP?

A

they would die

109
Q

What is the process that makes ATP?

A

cellular respiration

110
Q

What is the form of energy cells are able to use?

A

ATP

111
Q

What do cells use ATP for?

A

do work

power chemical rxns

112
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration is a series of what?

A

chemical rxns

113
Q

What are the reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

glucose

oxygen

114
Q

What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

CO2
water
ATP

115
Q

Why do we need to breathe air?

A

it is required for cellular respiration

116
Q

Where does oxygen travel to when we breathe?

A

Mitochondria

117
Q

What exits the mitochondria during cellular respiration?

A

CO2

118
Q

What are the three main pathways for cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain (ETC)

119
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

glucose in split in half forming pyruvate. some energy is transferred to electrons, some used to form ATP

120
Q

What happens in the Krebs Cycle?

A

a derivative of pyruvate is oxidized, CO2 is released. more energy is transferred to electrons

121
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

energy from electrons id used to form ATP.

122
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

oxygen

123
Q

Cellular respiration relies on what type of reactions?

A

redox

124
Q

What do the pathways of aerobic respiration do?

A

release energy by oxidizing glucose and reducing oxygen

125
Q

Where is the most ATP produced?

A

mitochondria

126
Q

What are the key ATP-generating processes?

A

krebs cycle

electron transport chain

127
Q

Does the redox respiration rxn release or take up energy?

A

release energy

Baby Bio (21 decks)

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