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Baby Bio > Chap 15 Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life > Flashcards

Chap 15 Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic molecules form what?

A

simple chemicals

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2
Q

What happened in Miller’s experiments?

A

scientists applied electricity to a mix of simple chemicals that made up early earth’s atmosphere and those chemicals combined to form organic molecules like nucleotides and amino acids

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3
Q

What were the first cells?

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

How were organic molecules enclosed in early prokaryotes?

A

by a phospholipid membrane

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5
Q

What type of cells arose around 1.5 billion years ago?

A

eukaryotic

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6
Q

What is the hypothesis of how the nucleus formed?

A

the membrane folded in on itself, pinched off, created a nuclear membrane around genetic material

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7
Q

What process explains the origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

endosymbiosis

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8
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

aerobic bacteria (and later photosynthetic cyanobacteria) took up residence inside ancient host cells

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9
Q

What are the things that make prokaryote diverse?

A

shape
endospores
metabolism

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10
Q

What are the different metabolisms that contribute to prokaryote diversity?

A

autotroph vs heterotroph

aerobic vs anaerobic

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11
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

get carbon from inorganic sources, typically CO2

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12
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

get carbon by consuming other organisms

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13
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

uses O2 to produce ATP

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14
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

can produce ATP in the absence of O2

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15
Q

What determines the cell shape?

A

the cell wall

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16
Q

What are the three most common shapes for bacteria?

A

coccus (spherical)
bacillus (rod-shaped)
spirillum (spiral)

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17
Q

What keeps some bacteria alive?

A

endospores

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18
Q

What are endospores?

A

thick walled parts of bacteria that can survive harsh conditions

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19
Q

Obligate aerobes require what to survive?

A

oxygen

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20
Q

Obligate anaerobes a killed by what?

A

oxygen

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21
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

can live in aerobic or anaerobic environments

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22
Q

What are essential to life (type of life)?

A

bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes)

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23
Q

Where so prokaryotes live?

A

everywhere

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24
Q

What are some of the functions of prokaryotes?

A

contribute gases to the atmosphere

recycle organic matter

fix nitrogen

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25
Q

All other species would die without what?

A

prokaryotes

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26
Q

Some bacteria cause what?

A

disease

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27
Q

How can harmful bacteria enter the body?

A

ingested
inhaled
through wounds or other orifices

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28
Q

Humans use what?

A

prokaryotes

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29
Q

How do humans use prokaryotes?

A

their natural metabolism helps make certain foods

transgenic bacteria produce many important drugs

microbes can break down organic matter in waste water treatment plants

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30
Q

What are the simplest eukaryotes?

A

protists

31
Q

Why is classifying protists difficult?

A

they are not single clad, it is not clear if they are a true kingdom

32
Q

How were protists originally defined?

A

eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals

33
Q

What became more available causing protists to be reclassified into dozens of new groups?

A

new DNA data

34
Q

What are photosynthetic protists?

A

algae

35
Q

Where do algae live?

A

in water

36
Q

What do algae do?

A

produce much of earth’s O2

support food webs in water bodies

37
Q

What are protists with flagella?

A

dinoflagellates

38
Q

dinoflagellates are characterized by what?

A

two flagella (use them to whirl around the ocean)

39
Q

What are the different characteristics of some dinoflagellates?

A

some photosynthetic

some live inside animals

some bioluminescent

can overgrow and produce toxins (red tides)

40
Q

What do algae do when they are disturbed?

A

release light

41
Q

algae are disturbed by what?

A

copepods

42
Q

What is the food chain of algae?

A

algae eaten by copepods (herbivore)

copepods eaten by stickleback (fish, predator)

43
Q

What are algae with unique silica cell walls?

A

diatoms

44
Q

Where do diatoms live?

A

oceans

45
Q

Diatoms are crucial for source for what?

A

photosynthesis

food for zooplankton

46
Q

What is special about the cell walls of diatoms?

A

they are very intricate giving them unique shapes

47
Q

What are the most complex and largest protists?

A

brown algae

48
Q

Brown algae is single or multi cellular?

A

multi cellular

49
Q

Where do brown algae live?

A

marine habitats all over the world

50
Q

Which algae share many features with plants?

A

red and green algae

51
Q

What is similar between green algae and plants?

A

use the same photosynthetic pigments

habitats and body forms are diverse

may be unicellular, filamentous,, colonial, or multicellular

52
Q

What are diverse heterotrophic protists?

A

protozoa

53
Q

How are protozoa grouped together?

A

based on morphology and locomotion (only distantly related to each other in terms of DNA sequence)

54
Q

What are essential decomposers?

A

fungi

55
Q

Fungi are more closely related to plants or animals?

A

animals (look like plants but share many chemical and metabolic features with animals)

56
Q

What are the planet’s garbage processors?

A

fungi

57
Q

What do fungi do?

A

break down dead plants and animals, releasing nutrients to be recycled

58
Q

What are fungi made of?

A

hyphae and fruiting bodies

59
Q

What is the fruiting body?

A

above ground part of fungi, it produces spores (microscopic reproductive cells)

60
Q

What is the hyphae?

A

network of underground filaments of fungi

61
Q

Collectively the hyphae is called what?

A

mycelium

62
Q

What do humans use fungi for?

A

food

medicine

63
Q

What type of fungi gives food delicious flavors?

A

basidiomycetes

ascomycetes

64
Q

What type of fungi is used to produce wine and beer?

A

yeasts

65
Q

Ascomycetes are famous for what?

A

secreting the antibiotics penicillin and cyclosporine

66
Q

Some fungi are what?

A

pathogenic

67
Q

What does it mean the some fungi are pathogenic?

A

cause fungal diseases

68
Q

What are some illnesses caused by infectious fungi?

A

pneumonis
ringworm
athlete’s foot

69
Q

Fungi and plants form what?

A

mycorrhizae

70
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A

structures that allow plants and fungi to share materials with each other.

71
Q

How do fungi and plants use mycorrhizae?

A

the fungi absorb water and minerals while the plant produces carbohydrates in photosynthesis

72
Q

What is the name for dual organisms?

A

lichens

73
Q

What are lichens?

A

fungi with green algae or cyanobacteria living among their hyphae

74
Q

What do the lichens/fungi do?

A

absorb mineral and water while algae cells produce sugars by photosynthesis

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