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Baby Bio > Chap 29 The Immune System > Flashcards

Chap 29 The Immune System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the immune system’s main job?

A

to prevent illness

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2
Q

What is the immune system?

A

a widespread collection of cells and chemicals that defend the body against infections, cancer, and foreign substances

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3
Q

What are the different components of the immune system?

A

white blood cells
lymphatic system
defensive proteins and chemicals

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4
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells?

A

to defend the body

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5
Q

What are the three types of white blood cells?

A

phagocyte
lymphocyte
basophil

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6
Q

What is the function of phagocyte?

A

engulf bacteria and debris

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7
Q

What is the function of lymphocyte?

A

coordinate immune response; attack infected or cancerous cells

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8
Q

What is the function of basophil?

A

tigger inflammation

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

produces and stores defense cells

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10
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A

spleen
thymus
bone marrow

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11
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

produces and stores white blood cells

transports defense cells

filter out foreign substances

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12
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

where T lymphocytes mature

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13
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

produces variety of blood cells

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14
Q

What is the lymph?

A

the colorless fluid of the lymphatic system

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the lymph capillaries?

A

absorb interstitial fluid and deliver it to larger lymph vessels

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16
Q

The lymph passes through what?

A

the lymph nodes

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17
Q

What do the lymph nodes do?

A

remove foreign substances from lymph

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18
Q

Each lymph node contains millions of what?

A

lymphocytes

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19
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the immune systems?

A

innate defense

adaptive immunity

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20
Q

What does innate defense do?

A

provide broad defense against any pathogen

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21
Q

What does adaptive immunity do?

A

immune cells recognize and remember specific pathogens

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22
Q

Innate defenses are…?

A

immediate and nonspecific

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23
Q

What forms the first line of defense?

A

physical and chemical barriers

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24
Q

What does the first line of defense do?

A

block pathogens and foreign substances from entering the body

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25
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers forming the first line of defense?

A 
skin
mucus
ear wax
tears
stomach acid
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26
Q

Various cell types participate in internal what?

A

innate defense

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27
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

consume pathogens and promote fever

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28
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

destroy body cells that have become cancerous or infected with a virus

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29
Q

What do basophils do?

A

provoke inflammation by releasing histamine

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30
Q

What participates in internal defense?

A

antimicrobial proteins

31
Q

White blood cells produce what?

A

complement proteins

32
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A

puncture bacterial cell membranes

33
Q

What are cytokines?

A

proteins that can cause a rise in the body’s temperature called fever

34
Q

High body temperature indirectly counters what?

A

microbial growth

35
Q

Inflammation is a what?

A

internal innate defense

36
Q

What is inflammation?

A

an immediate response that recruits white blood cells to the area, helps clear debris, and creates an environment hostile to microbes

37
Q

Adaptive immunity is triggered by what?

A

antigens

38
Q

What are antigens?

A

molecules at the surface of bacteria, viruses, and other “invaders” of the body

39
Q

What do antigens do?

A

stimulate an immune reaction by B cells and T cells

40
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system that bind to specific antigens as part of the immune response

41
Q

What engulfs invaders and save their antigens for later?

A

macrophages

42
Q

What presents the antigens to lymphocytes?

A

macrophages

43
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

divide and differentiate

44
Q

What do memory and effector T cells do?

A

play different roles in adaptive immunity

45
Q

What is able to launch a quick immune response if the antigens enters the body again?

A

memory cells

they “remember” antigens the immune system has already encountered

46
Q

What acts immediately, releasing cytokines that help activate and enhance the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses?

A

effector helper T cells

47
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

initiate cell-mediated and humoral immune responses

48
Q

What are cytokines?

A

messenger proteins that bind to immune cells and alter their activity

49
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy?

A

the cytotoxic T cells bind to antigens on bacteria, caner cells, or virus-infected cells, then release toxic chemicals that kill the cell

50
Q

What are the main weapons of humoral immunity?

A

antibodies

51
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A

to attack pathogens in the body’s fluids (but not inside infected cells)

52
Q

Each antibody is made to recognize what?

A

one antigen

53
Q

The primary immune response can be what?

A

slow

54
Q

The primary immune response is the adaptive immune system’s what?

A

first reaction to a foreign antigen

55
Q

It can take how long to produce enough antibodies to clear up an infection?

A

weeks

during this time the infection can cause severe damage or even death

56
Q

What jump-start immunity?

A

vaccines

57
Q

What does a vaccine do?

A

stimulates active immunity against a pathogen without causing illness

58
Q

What do the antigens in the vaccine do?

A

teach the immune system to recognize invaders

59
Q

What do vaccines consist of?

A

antigens from inactivated viruses

or

other pathogens to stimulate a primary immune response in the body

60
Q

What lingers after the initial exposure to the antigens in the vaccine?

A

memory cells

61
Q

What happens if an individual that is vaccinated is later exposed to the real pathogen?

A

a strong secondary immune response will occur

62
Q

Most vaccines do not contain what, and therefore cannot cause the disease they are designed to prevent?

A

live pathogens

63
Q

What are the different forms antigens take in vaccines?

A

live, weakened (attenuated) pathogen

inactivated pathogen

inactivated toxin

subunits of pathogens

64
Q

Vaccines cannot do what?

A

prevent all infectious diseases

65
Q

Why is there no vaccine for HIV/AIDS?

A

because it mutates so rapidly

66
Q

Why do flu vaccines have limited effectiveness?

A

because the flu viruses evolve new antigens each season

67
Q

What happens in the immune system when a person has an autoimmune disorder?

A

the immune system attacks the wrong cells

68
Q

What happens if colonial deletion fails?

A

the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s molecules

69
Q

What happens in Type 1 diabetes?

A

antibodies attack insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

70
Q

What causes arthritis?

A

an autoimmune attack on the cells lining the skeletal joints

71
Q

What misdirects the immune response?

A

allergies

72
Q

What are exaggerated immune responses to harmless substances?

A

allergies

73
Q

Allergies do what?

A

launch and exaggerated attack

74
Q

What happens in allergies if the body is exposed to the same pollen antigen again?

A

mast cells release histamine and other chemicals that cause an allergic reaction

Baby Bio (21 decks)

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