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Baby Bio > Chap 2 Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chap 2 Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is matter?

A

any material that takes up space

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances

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3
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

number of protons

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4
Q

What does the atomic weight (mass) represent?

A

number of protons and neutrons (avg)

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5
Q

What is an atom?

A

the smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element

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6
Q

List the three subatomic particles

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

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7
Q

Where are the subatomic particles found?

A

Electrons - surrounding the nucleus

Protons and Neutrons - close together in the nucleus

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8
Q

What are the charges on the subatomic particles?

A

Electron - negative (-)
Neutron - none
Proton - Positive (+)

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9
Q

What are Ions?

A

When an atom either gains or loses electrons

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10
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

the number of neutrons vary among atoms of the same element

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11
Q

What are molecules?

A

two or more chemically joined atoms

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12
Q

What are compounds?

A

molecules of two or more elements

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13
Q

What determines chemical bonding?

A

electrons

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14
Q

In what way do electrons exist?

A

in energy shells/orbitals

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15
Q

When are atoms stablest?

A

when their outer shell has no vacancies

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16
Q

How do atoms fill vacancies in their outer shells?

A

bonding with other atoms

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17
Q

What is a Covalent bond?

A

electrons are shared

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18
Q

What is Electronegativity?

A

measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons

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19
Q

Valency when looking at periodic table

A

Rows - number of energy shells

Columns - number of electrons

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20
Q

What determines the type of chemical bond formed?

A

electronegativity differences

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21
Q

Atoms with similar electronegativity form what kind of bonds?

A

nonpolar covalent

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22
Q

Atoms with some different electronegativity form what kind of bonds?

A

polar covalent

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23
Q

Atoms with very different electronegativity form what kind of bonds?

A

ionic

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24
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

a transfer of electrons

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25
Q

What creates an ionic bond?

A

the attraction between oppositely charged ions

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26
Q

Can some atoms be partially charged?

A

yes

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27
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

when an atom has a partial charge

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28
Q

What gives water its emergent properties?

A

hydrogen bonds

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29
Q

What is essential to life?

A

water

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30
Q

Unique properties of water

A 
cohesive
adhesive
excellent solvent
dissolves salt
regulates temperature
expands when frozen
participates in chem rxns
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31
Q

What is cohesion?

A

tendency of water molecules to stick to one another

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32
Q

What creates surface tension on water?

A

cohesion

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33
Q

What is adhesion?

A

water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.

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34
Q

What can water dissolve?

A

Hydrophilic substances - Polar solutes, ions

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35
Q

What helps water dissolve most biologically important molecules?

A

its polarity

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36
Q

How does salt dissolve in water?

A

Neg charge (O) attracts positive (Na)

Pos charge (H) attracts negative (Cl)

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37
Q

Hydrogen bonds in water make it resist what?

A

temperature changes (cools and heats very slowly)

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38
Q

What happens when water freezes?

A

it expands and becomes less dense

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39
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

when two or more molecules (reactants) exchange their atoms resulting in different molecules (products)

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40
Q

What are life’s chemical reactions?

A

Photosynthesis

Respiration

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41
Q

What is the pH scale based on?

A

the amount of H+ in a solution

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42
Q

What pH do most chem rxns in a cell occur?

A

pH = 7

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43
Q

pH and H+ of acidic solution

A

pH = low

H+ - high

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44
Q

pH and H+ of basic solution

A 
pH = high
H+ = low
OH- = higher than H+
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45
Q

What happens if an organism strays too far from its optimal pH?

A

it could die

46
Q

What is the homeostasis pH of many organisms?

A

pH = 7

47
Q

What does a Buffer Solution?

A

when pH is too high releasees H+ ion to lower pH

when pH is too low absorbs H+ ions to raise the pH

48
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

a molecule containing both carbon and hydrogen

49
Q

What are the four categorized organic molecules needed for life’s processes?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids

50
Q

What are organic molecules made up of?

A

functional groups

monomers

51
Q

List the four functional groups

A

Hydroxyl -OH
Carboxyl -COOH
Amino -NH(2)
Phosphate -PO(4)^-2

52
Q

What are monomers?

A

a single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid

53
Q

Monomers join to form what?

A

polymers

54
Q

What joins monomers together

A

dehydration synthesis

55
Q

During dehydration synthesis what happens with water?

A

a water molecule is released

56
Q

What happens in dehydration synthesis?

A

enzymes form bonds between two monomers

57
Q

What breaks polymers apart?

A

Hydrolysis

58
Q

What happens in hydrolysis?

A

enzymes break bonds between monomers

59
Q

During hydrolysis what happens with water?

A

a water molecule is needed for the rxn to occur

60
Q

What do carbohydrates include?

A

simple sugars

polysaccharides

61
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars; they are the monomers that make up carbohydrates

62
Q

Examples of monosaccharides?

A

ribose, glucose, fructose

63
Q

How are carbohydrates synthesized?

A

Dehydration synthesis (bonds two monosaccharides together forming a disaccharide) e.g. sucrose

64
Q

How are carbohydrates broken down?

A

Hydrolysis (separates disaccharides into monosaccharides)

65
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

long chains of carbohydrates

66
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose: structure
starch: energy
glycogen: energy

67
Q

Proteins have many different what?

A

structures and functions

68
Q

What are proteins?

A

the workers of the cells; they do almost everything

69
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

amino acids

70
Q

What are the monomers of protein?

A

amino acids

71
Q

What is the general animo acid structure?

A

look up slide 32 of lecture 4

72
Q

How many different amino acids are there in nature?

A

20

73
Q

What determines the properties of a protein?

A

the properties of the amino acids (each has its own R-group)

74
Q

How are Proteins synthesized?

A

dehydration synthesis (binds two amino acids together forming a dipeptide)

75
Q

What is a long chain of amino acids called?

A

polypeptide

76
Q

What breaks down proteins?

A

hydrolysis (separates dipeptides and polypeptides into individual amino acids)

77
Q

How do polypeptides form proteins?

A

they fold up

78
Q

Denatured proteins lose what?

A

their shape

79
Q

The function of a protein depends on what?

A

shape or tertiary structure

80
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

amino acid sequence of polypeptides

81
Q

Secondary structure of proteins

A

localized areas of coils, sheets, and loops within a polypeptide

82
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins

A

overall shape of one protein

83
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

overall protein shape; arises from the interaction b/w the multiple polypeptides that make up the functional protein

84
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

carry genetic information

85
Q

Give examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA

RNA

86
Q

The primary structure of each protein in a cell is determined by?

A

the nucleic acids

87
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

88
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group
five-carbon sugar
nitrogenous base

89
Q

How many different possible nitrogenous bases are there?

A

5

90
Q

List the 5 nucleotides

A 
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
91
Q

Which nitrogenous base does only DNA use?

A

Thymine (T)

92
Q

Which nitrogenous base does only RNA use?

A

Uracil (U)

93
Q

Which nitrogenous bases does both DNA and RNA use?

A

Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

94
Q

How are nucleic acids synthesized?

A

dehydration synthesis (binds two nucleotides together forming a dipeptide)

95
Q

How are nucleic acids broken down?

A

hydrolysis

96
Q

Characteristics of DNA

A

double helix
Nitrogenous baes held together by hydrogen bonds (A to T, G to C)
Function: store genetic info

97
Q

Characteristics of RNA

A

single stranded
nitrogenous bases: A to U, G to C
Function: caries DNA information to protein-synthesizing organelles

98
Q

Are lipids built from chains of monomers?

A

No

99
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

100
Q

Classes of lipid

A

Triglycerides

Steroids

101
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

fats and oils
energy rich
for long term energy storage

102
Q

What are steroids?

A

have four ring structure

103
Q

How are Triglycerides formed?

A

by covalently attaching three fatty acid molecules to a glycerol molecule

104
Q

What links fatty acids to the glycerol?

A

dehydration synthesis

105
Q

How are triglycerides broken down?

A

hydrolysis

106
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

all carbons are bonded to four other atoms. gives it a straight shape

107
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

contains at least one double bond. gives it a bent shape (prevents them from packing close together)

108
Q

At room temp what are saturated fatty acids?

A

solid

109
Q

At room temp what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

liquid

110
Q

At room temp what are trans fats?

A

solid

111
Q

Cholesterol is what?

A

a lipid in the steroid class

112
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

regulates the fluidity of animal cell membranes

also used to synthesize many sex hormones

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