CH.4 EXERCISE METABOLISM AND BIOENERGETICS Flashcards
1
Q
BEFORE FOOD CAN BECOME A USABLE FORM OF ENERGY IT HAS TO BE CONVERTED INTO SMALLER UNITS CALLED WHAT ?
A
SUBSTRATES
2
Q
ENERGY STORED IN SUBSTRATE MOLECULES IS CHEMICALLY RELEASED IN CELLS AND STORED IN FORM OF A HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND CALLED WHAT ?
A
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
3
Q
STUDY OF ENERGY IN HUMAN BODY
A
BIOENERGETICS
4
Q
ALL OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN THE BODY TO MAINTAIN ITSELF
A
METABOLISM
5
Q
PROCESS IN WHICH NUTRIENTS ARE ACQUIRED, TRANSPORTED, USED AND DISPOSED BY BODY
A
METABOLISM
6
Q
EXAMINATION OF BIOENERGETICS AS IT RELATES TO THE UNIQUE PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES AND DEMANDS PLACED ON THE BODY DURING EXERCISE
A
EXERCISE METABOLISM
7
Q
MATERIAL OR SUBSTANCE ON WHICH AN ENZYME ACTS
A
SUBSTRATES
8
Q
ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY
A
SUN
9
Q
WHAT PROCESS USES ENERGY FROM SUN TO PRODUCE CHEMICAL ENERGY AND OTHER COMPOUNDS THAT ARE USED TO CONVERT CO2 INTO ORGANIC CHEMICALS SUCH AS GLUCOSE ?
A
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
10
Q
MAIN SOURCE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY FOR MOST ORGANISMS ARE WHAT ?
A
CARBS, FATS AND PROTEIN
11
Q
CONSTITUTE THE MAIN SUBSTRATES USED TO TRANSFER METABOLIC ENERGY TO BE USED FOR ALL TYPES OF CELLULAR ACTIVITY AND LIFE
A
PROTEINS, CARBS, AND LIPIDS (FATS)
12
Q
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN AND INCLUDES STARCHES, CELLULOSE, AND SUGARS AND ARE IMPORTANT SOURCE OF ENERGY
A
CARBOHYDRATES
13
Q
ALL ARE EVENTUALLY BROKEN DOWN IN THE BODY TO GLUCOSE, A SIMPLE SUGAR
A
CARBOHYDRATES
14
Q
SIMPLE SUGAR MANUFACTURED BY THE BODY FROM CARBS, FAT AND TO A LESSER EXTENT PROTEIN, WHICH SERVES AS THE BODYS MAIN SOURCE OF FUEL
A
GLUCOSE
15
Q
COMPLEX CARB MOLECULE USED TO STORE CARBS IN THE LIVER AND MUSCLE CELLS
A
GLYCOGEN
16
Q
WHEN CARB ENERGY IS NEEDED, WHAT IS CONVERTED INTO GLUCOSE FOR USE BY MUSCLE CELLS ?
A
GLYCOGEN
17
Q
ONE OF THE 3 MAIN CLASSES OF FOODS AND A SOURCE OF ENERGY IN THE BODY
A
FAT
18
Q
HELP BODY USE SOME VITAMINS AND KEEP SKIN HEALTHY
A
FAT
19
Q
SERVE AS AN EXTRA ENERGY STORE FOR BODY
A
FAT
20
Q
2 TYPES OF FATS
A
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED
21
Q
CHEMICAL OR SUBSTRATE FORM IN WHICH MOST FAT EXISTS IN FOOD AS WELL AS IN BODY
A
TRIGLYCERIDES
22
Q
AMINO ACIDS LINKED BY PEPTIDE BONDS, WHICH CONSISTS OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, O2, AND USUALLY SULFUR AND THAT HAVE SEVERAL ESSENTIAL BIOLOGIC COMPOUNDS
A
PROTEIN
23
Q
FORMATION OF GLUCOSE FROM NONCARBOHYDRATE SOURCES, SUCH AS AMINO ACIDS
A
GLUCONEOGENESIS
24
Q
DERIVED FROM FATS EATEN IN FOODS OR MADE IN BODY FROM OTHER ENERGY SOURCES SUCH AS CARBS
A
TRIGLYCERIDES
25
WHEN CALORIES ARE CONSUMED BUT NOT IMMEDIATELY NEEDED BY CELLS OR TISSUES THEY ARE CONVERTED INTO WHAT AND TRANSPORTED WHERE ?
CONVERTED TO TRIGLYCERIDES AND TRANSPORTED TO FAT CELLS WHERE THEY ARE STORED
26
RARELY SUPPLIES MUCH ENERGY DURING EXERCISE
PROTEIN
27
WHEN DOES PROTEIN BECOME A SIGNIFICANT SOURCE OF FUEL ?
IN STARVATION
28
DURING NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE (E.G. LOW CALORIE DIET), AMINO ACIDS ARE USED TO ASSIST IN ENERGY PRODUCTION KNOWN AS WHAT ?
GLUCONEOGENESIS
29
WHEN CHEMICAL BONDS THAT HOLD WHAT TOGETHER ARE BROKEN ENERGY IS RELEASED FOR CELLULAR WORK ?
ATP
30
WHEN ATP IS BROKEN DOWN IT LEAVES WHAT MOLECULE BEHIND ?
ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP)
31
1 FUNCTION OF ENERGY METABOLISM IS TO HARNESS ENOUGH FREE ENERGY TO REATTACH A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO AN ADP AND RESTORE WHAT ?
RESTORE ATP LEVELS BACK TO NORMAL TO PERFORM MORE WORK
32
ENERGY STORAGE AND TRANSFER UNIT WITHIN THE CELLS OF THE BODY
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
33
HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND OCCURRING IN ALL CELLS FROM WHICH ATP IS FORMED
ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE
34
USED TO FROM MYOSIN ACTIN CROSS BRIDGES THAT FACILITATE MUSCLE CONTRACTION
ENERGY
35
FOR ONE CYCLE OF A CROSS BRIDGE WHAT IS NEEDED ?
2 ATPS NEEDED
36
WHEN ALL ATP IS COMPLETELY DEPLETED, AND THERE IS NO ENERGY TO BREAK CONNECTION B/W CROSS BRIDGES AND ACTIN ACTIVE SITES, MUSCLE GOES INTO WHAT ?
RIGOR
37
ANY FROM OF EXERCISE CAN BE DEFINED BY WHAT 2 FACTORS ?
INTENSITY AND DURATION
38
T OR F: HUMAN BODY DOES NOT TECHNICALLY MAKE ENERGY BUT RATHER TRANSFERS ENERGY FROM SUN THROUGH FOOD TO CELLS TO PERFORM THEIR SPECIFIC CELLULAR AND MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS
TRUE
39
WHAT % OF ENERGY IS RELEASED FROM ATP AND ACTUALLY USED FOR CELLULAR WORK ?
40%
40
WHEN WHAT COMBINES, IT SPLITS LAST PHOSPHATE GROUP AWAY, RELEASING LARGE AMOUNT OF FREE ENERGY, APPROX. 7.3 KCAL PER UNIT OF ATP.
ENZYME ATPASE COMBINES WITH AN ATP MOLECULE
41
BEFORE ATP CAN RELEASED ADDITIONAL ENERGY AGAIN, IT MUST ADD BACK ANOTHER PHOSPHATE GROUP TO ADP THROUGH A PROCESS CALLED WHAT ?
PHOSPHORYLATION
42
3 METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN WHICH CELLS CAN GENERATE ATP
1. ATP PC SYSTEM
2. GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM (GLYCOLYSIS)
3. OXIDATIVE SYSTEM (OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION)
43
BY TRANSFERRING WHAT FROM ANOTHER HIGH ENERGY MOLECULE CALLED PHOSPHOCREATINE TO AN ADP MOLECULE, ENOUGH ENERGY CAN BE PRODUCED TO FACILITATE ONE CROSS BRIDGE CYCLE
PHOSPHATE
44
PROCESS OF CREATING A NEW ATP MOLECULE FROM PHOSPHOCREATINE MOLECULE; SIMPLEST AND FASTEST OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
ATP-PC SYSTEM
45
PROVIDES ENERGY FOR PRIMARILY HIGH INTENSITY, SHORT DURATION BOUTS OF EXERCISE OR ACTIVITY
ATP-PC SYSTEM
46
THIS SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED AT ONSET OF ACTIVITY, REGARDLESS OF INTENSITY, BECAUSE OF ITS ABILITY TO PRODUCE ENERGY VERY RAPIDLY
ATP-PC SYSTEM
47
ANAEROBIC FORM OF PRODUCING ATP THROUGH CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
48
CONVERTED TO COMPOUND CALLED GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE BEFORE IT CAN GENERATE ENERGY
GLUCOSE OR GLYCOGEN
49
PROCESS OF GLYCOLYSIS DOES NOT BEGIN UNTIL EITHER GLUCOSE OR GLYCOGEN ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO WHAT ?
GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE
50
T OR F: CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE USES UP 1 ATP MOLECULE, WHERE AS GLYCOGEN DOES NOT
FALSE: CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE TO GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE USES UP 1 ATP MOLECULE, GLYCOGEN DOES NOT
51
END RESULT OF GLYCOLYSIS IN WHICH GLUCOSE OR GLYCOGEN IS BROKEN DOWN TO EITHER PYRUVIC ACID (AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS) OR LACTIC ACID (ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYISIS) IS WHAT ?
2 ATP FOR EACH MOLE OR UNIT OF GLUCOSE AND 3 ATP FROM EACH UNIT OF GLYCOGEN
52
THIS SYSTEM CAN PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT GREAT AMOUNT, BUT LIMITED TO APPROX. 30-50 SECONDS OF DURATION
GLYCOLYSIS
53
MOST COMPLEX OF THE 3 ENERGY SYSTEM; PROCESS THAT USES SUBSTRATES WITH AID OF O2 TO GENERATE ATP
OXIDATIVE SYSTEM
54
3 OXIDATIVE (AEROBIC) SYSTEMS
1. AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
2. KREBS CYCLE
3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
55
BREAKDOWN OF TRIGLYCERIDES INTO SMALLER SUBUNITS CALLED FREE FATTY ACIDS (FFAS) TO CONVERT FFAS INTO ACYL-COA MOLECULES, WHICH THEN ARE AVAILABLE TO ENTER THE KREBS CYCLE AND ULTIMATELY LEAD TO PRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL ATP
B (BETA) OXIDATION
56
T OR F: WHETHER GLYCOLYSIS IS AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC THE PROCESS IS THE SAME
TRUE
57
END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS WITH O2
PYRUVIC ACID
58
END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS WITHOUT O2
LACTIC ACID
59
DURING GLYCOLYSIS WITH THE PRESENCE OF O2, PYRUVIC ACID IS CONVERTED INTO WHAT IMPORTANT MOLECULE IN METABOLISM ?
ACETYL COENZYME A (ACETYL COA)
60
ACETLY COA IS AN IMPORTANT MOLECULE BECAUSE IT CONTRIBUTES SUBSTRATES FOR USE IN PROCESS OF OXIDATIVE PRODUCTION OF ATP CALLED WHAT ?
KREBS CYCLE
61
COMPLETE OXIDATION OF ACETLY COA PRODUCES WHAT ?
2 UNITS OF ATP AND BY PRODUCTS CO2 AND HYDROGEN
62
PREFERRED FUEL SUBSTRATE FOR OXIDATIVE PRODUCTION OF ATP
CARBS
63
OXIDATION OF WHAT REQUIRES MORE O2 TO PRODUCE ATP ?
FAT
64
T OR F: AEROBIC BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE AND FAT TAKES MUCH LONGER THAN THE ANAEROBIC METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE AND FAR LONGER THAN THE ATP PC CYCLE
TRUE
65
HAS THE CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE ENERGY, AT LEAST FOR EXERCISE, FOR AN INDEFINITE PERIOD OF TIME; BECAUSE EVERYONE HAS AMPLE SUPPLY OF STORAGE FAT
AEROBIC METABOLISM
66
MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR REGULATING ENERGY DURING EXERCISE IS WHAT ?
INTENSITY AND DURATION OF EXERCISE
67
AMOUNT OF ENERGY AVAILABLE STORED IN WHAT IS SMALL ?
ATP AND PHOSPHOCREATINE
68
AMOUNT OF ENERGY STORED IN IN WHAT HAS GREAT CAPACITY BUT LIMITED ?
CARBS
69
AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE FUEL FOR EXERCISE FROM WHAT, IS ESSENTIALLY UNLIMITED ?
FATS
70
EXERCISE INTENSITY BEGINS TO SLOW AS THE PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY TURNS FROM WHAT TO WHAT ?
GLYCOGEN TO FATS
71
AFTER HOW MANY MINUTES OF EXERCISE, ARE MAJORITY OF MUSCLE GLYCOGEN STORES DEPLETED ?
90 MINUTES
72
THROUGH A COMBO OF WHAT AND INTAKE OF WHAT IS IT POSSIBLE TO STORE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER QUANTITIES OF GLYCOGEN, PERHAPS UP TO 50% MORE ?
COMBO OF TRAINING AND HIGH CARB INTAKE
73
LOADING OF WHAT CAN HELP IMPROVE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE ?
CARB LOADING (AKA GLYCOGEN LOADING, CARB SUPERCOMPENSATION, ETC.)
74
MEASUREMENTS MADE FOR PURPOSE OF ASSESSING EXERCISE METABOLISM ARE TYPICALLY MADE DURING PERIODS OF WHAT ?
STEADY STATE
75
PERFORMED AT A CONSTANT PACE (INTENSITY)
STEADY STATE EXERCISE
76
1 WAY TO DETERMINE HOW THE BODY SUPPLIES ENERGY DURING EXERCISE IS TO LOOK AT WHAT ?
HOW MUCH O2 IT IS USING DURING SPECIFIC PERIODS OF EXERCISE
77
IF CALORIC REQUIREMENTS EXCEEDS BODYS ABILITY TO DELIVER ENERGY AEROBICALLY THE BODY WILL MAKE UP THE DIFFERENCE HOW ?
ANAEROBICALLY, REGARDLESS OF WHEN IT OCCURS DURING EXERCISE
78
WHY DOES THE BODY PREFER AEROBIC OR OXIDATIVE METABOLISM ?
BECAUSE CO2 AND WATER ARE MORE EASILY ELIMINATED
79
AT START OF EXERCISE, AEROBIC METABOLIC PATHWAYS ARE TOO SLOW TO MEET INITIAL DEMANDS, SO BODY RELIES ON WHAT ?
RELIES ON ATP PC CYCLE (RESULTING IN REDUCTION OF ATP AND PC LEVELS AND INCREASE IN ADP AND CREATINE) AS WELL AS FROM ANAEROBIC METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE EARLY INTO THE EXERCISE PERIOD
80
GRADUALLY, AS THE RATE OF AEROBIC ATP PRODUCTION INCREASES, LESS AND LESS ENERGY IS DERIVED FROM WHAT ?
DERIVED FROM ANAEROBIC SOURCES
81
STATE IN WHICH BODY'S METABOLISM IS ELEVATED AFTER EXERCISE
EXCESS POSTEXERCISE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (EPOC)
82
ATP ABOVE AND BEYOND WHAT IS NEEDED FOR RECOVERY IS PRODUCED TO HELP WHAT ?
HELP REESTABLISH BASELINE LEVELS OF ATP AND PC AND TO ASSIST WITH CLEARING METABOLIC END PRODUCTS
83
WHEN AN ATHLETE HAS TO INCREASE INTENSITY MOST OF ENERGY NEEDS TO COME FROM WHAT ?
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
84
WHEN WHAT IS DECREASED, THERE IS A CONTINUED PERIOD OF HIGH, BUT BRIEFLY ELEVATED, O2 CONSUMPTION IN AN ATTEMPT TO RECOVER QUICKLY TO BE READY FOR NEXT BOUT
INTENSITY
85
AN AEROBIC EVENT TO SET ATP PC CONCENTRATIONS BACK TOWARDS NORMAL AS WELL AS THE AEROBIC ELIMINATION OF LACTIC ACID
RECOVERY
86
AMOUNT OF CO2 EXPIRED DIVIDED BY AMOUNT OF O2 CONSUMED, MEASURED DURING REST OR AT STEADY STATE OF EXERCISE USING METABOLIC ANALYZER
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (RQ)
87
WHEN VO2 AND VCO2 ARE MEASURED AND THE RQ CALCULATED DURING STEADY STATE EXERCISE, THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF WHAT CAN BE MEASURED ?
FATS AND CARBS AS FUEL SOURCES
88
DURING STEADY STATE EXERCISE RQ OF 1.0 INDICATES THAT CARBS ARE SUPPLYING WHAT % OF FUEL ?
100%
89
RQ OF 0.7 INDICATES THAT FAT IS SUPPLYING WHAT % OF FUEL FOR METABOLISM ?
100%
90
ANY RQ BETWEEN 0.7 AND 1.0 INDICATES MIX OF WHAT FUELING METABOLISM ?
CARBS AND FATS
91
AFTER 90 MINUTES OF EXERCISE MAJORITY OF WHAT STORES ARE DEPLETED ?
GLYCOGEN STORES
92
ASSISTANCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION DURING PERIODS OF STARVATION
GLUCONEOGENESIS
93
ENERGY PATHWAYS USED FOR ACTIVITIES LASTING B/W 30-50 SECS
GLYCOLYSIS
94
DURING GLYCOLISIS, W/O2 PYRUVIC ACID IS CONVERTED INTO WHAT ?
ACETYL COA
95
SYSTEM BEST USED FOR RUNNING A 10 SEC SPRINT
ATP PC SYSTEM
96
SYSTEM PRIMARILY USED FOR JOGGING FOR 30+ MINS
OXIDATIVE SYSTEM
97
EXERCISE HIGH IN INTENSITY AND LAST ABOUT 10 SECS USES ENERGY FROM WHAT ?
ATP PC
98
CLIENT RUNNING A 6 MIN 30 SEC MILE PRIMARILY USING WHAT SYSTEM FOR ENERGY ?
OXIDATIVE SYSTEM
99
BEGINNING OF ATHLETE ACTIVITY/ WORKOUT, ENERGY IS MOSTLY DERIVED FROM METABOLISM OF WHAT ?
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
