CH.2 BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE PT.2 Flashcards
1
Q
PRIMARY CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CONNECTS BONES TOGETHER AND PROVIDES STABILITY, INPUT TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, GUIDANCE AND LIMITATION OF IMPROPER JOINT MOVEMENT
A
LIGAMENT
2
Q
LIGAMENTS ARE PRIMARILY MADE UP OF WHAT PROTEINS
A
COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN
3
Q
GIVES LIGAMENTS SOME FLEXIBILITY OR ELSATIC RECOIL TO WITHSTAND BENDING AND TWISTING
A
ELASTIN
4
Q
LIGAMENTS DO NOT HEAL OR REPAIR VERY WELL DUE TO WHAT ?
A
POOR VASCULARITY (OR BLOOD SUPPLY)
5
Q
BEST KIND OF EXERCISE TO HELP STRENGTHEN BONES BECAUSE IT FORCES BONES TO WORK AGAINST GRAVITY
A
WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE
6
Q
SERIES OF MUSCLES THAT MOVES THE SKELETON
A
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
7
Q
MOVERS AND STABILIZERS OF OUR BODIES
A
MUSCLES
8
Q
MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBERS
A
SKELETAL MUSCLE
9
Q
LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT IS UNDERNEATH THE FASCIA AND SURROUNDS THE MUSCLE
A
EPIMYSIUM
10
Q
CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS FASCICLES
A
PERIMYSIUM
11
Q
DEEPEST LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBERS
A
ENDOMYSIUM
12
Q
CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE AND PROVIDE AN ANCHOR FOR MUSCLES TO PRODUCE FORCE
A
TENDONS
13
Q
ALLOW FORCES GENERATED BY THE MUSCLE TO BE TRANSMITTED FROM THE CONTRACTILE COMPONENTS OF THE MUSCLE TO THE BONES, CREATING MOTION
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
14
Q
T OR F: SIMILAR TO LIGAMENTS, TENDONS HAVE POOR VASCULARITY (BLOOD SUPPLY) AND ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO SLOWER REPAIR AND ADAPTATION.
A
TRUE
15
Q
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF MUSCLE THAT PRODUCES MUSCULAR CONTRACTION AND CONSISTS OF REPEATING SECTIONS OF ACTIN AND MYOSIN
A
SARCOMERE
16
Q
CONTAIN MYOFILAMENTS THAT ARE ACTUAL CONTRACTILE COMPONENTS OF MUSCLE TISSUE
A
MYOFIBRILS
17
Q
THIN STRINGLIKE FILAMENTS
A
ACTIN
18
Q
THICK FILAMENTS
A
MYOSIN
19
Q
SARCOMERES ARE FORMED BY WHAT ?
A
ACTIN (THIN) AND MYOSIN (THICK) FILAMENTS
20
Q
2 PROTEIN STRUCTURES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO MUSCLE CONTRACTION
A
TROPOMYOSIN AND TROPONIN
21
Q
LOCATED ON ACTIN FILAMENT AND BLOCKS MYOSIN BINDING SITES LOCATED ON THE ACTIN FILAMENT, KEEPING MYOSIN FROM ATTACHING TO ACTIN WHEN MUSCLE IS IN A RELAXED STATED
A
TROPOMYOSIN
22
Q
LOCATED ON ACTIN FILAMENT, PROVIDES BINDING SITES FOR BOTH CALCIUM AND TROPOMYOSIN WHEN MUSCLE NEEDS TO CONTRACT
A
TROPONIN
23
Q
CONTRACTION OF MUSCLE GENERATED BY NEURAL STIMULATION
A
NEURAL ACTIVATION
24
Q
MOTOR NEURON AND ALL OF THE MUSCLE FIBERS IT INNERVATES
A
MOTOR UNIT
25
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT CROSS THAT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (SYNAPSE) TO TRANSMIT ELECTRICAL IMPULSES FROM THE NERVE TO THE MUSCLE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
26
SKELETAL MUSCLES WILL NOT CONTRACT UNLESS THEY ARE STIMULATED BY WHAT ?
MOTOR NEURONS
27
COMMUNICATION LINK BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
NEURAL ACTIVATION
28
MOTOR NEURONS ORIGINATING FROM CNS COMMUNICATE WITH MUSCLE FIBERS THROUGH A SPECIALIZED SYNAPSE CALLED WHAT ?
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
29
TRANSPORTED FROM THE CNS DOWN THE AXON OF THE NEURON
ELECTRICAL IMPULSES (ACTION POTENTIALS)
30
NEUROTRANSMITTER USED BY THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)
31
STIMULATES MUSCLE FIBERS TO GO THROUGH A SERIES OF STEPS THAT INITIATES MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
ACH
32
PROCESS OF NEURAL STIMULATION CREATING A MUSCLE CONTRACTION
EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING
33
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
1. SARCOMERE SHORTENS AS A RESULT OF Z LINES MOVING CLOSER TOGETHER
2. Z LINES CONVERGE AS RESULT OF MYOSIN HEADS ATTACHING TO ACTIN FILAMENT AND ASYNCHRONOUSLY PULLING (POWER STROKES) ACTIN FILAMENT ACROSS MYOSIN, RESULTING IN SHORTENING OF MUSCLE FIBER
34
SINGLE MOTOR UNITS CONSIST OF WHAT ?
ONE MOTOR NEURON (NERVE) AND THE MUSCLE FIBERS IT INNERVATES
35
"ALL OR NOTHING" LAW
MOTOR UNITS CANNOT VARY THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THEY GENERATE; THEY EITHER CONTRACT MAXIMALLY OR NOT AT ALL
36
OVERALL STRENGTH OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION WILL DEPEND ON WHAT ?
THE SIZE OF THE MOTOR UNIT RECRUITED (I.E. HOW MANY MUSCLE FIBERS ARE CONTAINED WITHIN THE UNIT) AND THE NUMBER OF MOTOR UNITS THAT ARE ACTIVATED AT A GIVEN TIME
37
SIZE OF MOTOR UNITS MAKING UP A PARTICULAR MUSCLE WILL RELATE DIRECTLY TO WHAT ?
THE FUNCTION OF THAT MUSCLE
38
2 MAIN CATEGORIES OF MUSCLE FIBERS
TYPE 1 & TYPE 2 FIBERS
39
REFERRED TO AS RED FIBERS
TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH)
40
MUSCLE FIBERS THAT CONTAIN LARGE NUMBER OF CAPILLARIES, MITOCHONDRIA (TRANSFORM ENERGY FROM FOOD INTO ATP, OR CELLULAR ENERGY) AND MYOGLOBIN, WHICH ALLOWS FOR IMPROVED DELIVERY OF OXYGEN
TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH)
41
SUBDIVISIONS OF TYPE 2 (FAST TWITCH) MUSCLE FIBERS
TYPE 2A AND TYPE 2X
42
REFERRED TO AS WHITE FIBERS
TYPE 2 (FAST TWITCH)
43
MUSCLE FIBERS THAT HAVE LOW OXIDATIVE CAPACITY (ABILITY TO USE OXYGEN) AND FATIGUE QUICKLY
TYPE 2X
44
MUSCLE FIBERS THAT HAVE A HIGHER OXIDATIVE CAPACITY AND FATIGUE MORE SLOWLY; ALSO KNOWN AS INTERMEDIATE FAST TWITCH FIBERS
TYPE 2A
45
USE BOTH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC METABOLISM ALMOST EQUALLY TO CREATE ENERGY
TYPE 2A
46
MUSCLE FIBERS THAT ARE SMALL IN SIZE (DIAMETER), SLOWER TO PRODUCE MAXIMAL TENSION AND ARE MORE RESISTANT TO FATIGUE
TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH)
47
IMPORTANT FOR MUSCLES THAT NEED TO PRODUCE LONG TERM CONTRACTIONS NECESSARY FOR STABILIZATION AND POSTURAL CONTROL
TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH)
48
LARGE IN SIZE, QUICK TO PRODUCE MAXIMAL TENSION AND FATIGUE QUICKLY
TYPE 2 (FAST TWITCH)
49
FIBERS THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR MUSCLES PRODUCING MOVEMENTS REQUIRING FORCE AND POWER
TYPE 2 (FAST TWITCH)
50
T OR F: NOT ALL MUSCLES HAVE A COMBINATION OF SLOW AND FAST TWITCH FIBERS THAT WILL VARY DEPENDING ON THE FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLE
FALSE: ALL MUSCLES HAVE A COMBINATION OF SLOW AND FAST TWITCH FIBERS
51
MUSCLES THAT ACT AS PRIME MOVERS (MUSCLE MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR PARTICULAR MOVEMENT)
AGONIST MUSCLE
52
ASSIST PRIME MOVERS DURING MOVEMENTS
SYNERGIST MUSCLES
53
SUPPORT OF STABILIZE THE BODY
STABILIZER
54
PERFORM OPPOSITE ACTION OF THE PRIME MOVER
ANTAGONIST MUSCLES
55
AGONIST MUSCLE DURING CHEST PRESS, OVERHEAD PRESS, ROW AND SQUAT
CHEST - PECTORALIS MAJOR
OVERHEAD PRESS - DELTOID
ROW - LATISSIMUS DORSI
SQUAT - GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, QUADRICEPS
56
SYNERGIST MUSCLE DURING CHEST PRESS, OVERHEAD PRESS, ROW AND SQUAT
CHEST - ANTERIOR DELTOID, TRICEPS
OVERHEAD - TRICEPS
ROW - POSTERIOR DELTOID, BICEPS
SQUAT - HAMSTRING COMPLEX
57
STABILIZER MUSCLE DURING CHEST PRESS, OVERHEAD PRESS, ROW AND SQUAT
CHEST, OVERHEAD, ROW - ROTATOR CUFF
| SQUAT - TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS
58
ANTAGONIST MUSCLE DURING CHEST PRESS, OVERHEAD PRESS, ROW AND SQUAT
CHEST - POSTERIOR DELTOID
OVERHEAD - LATISSIMUS DORSI
ROW - PECTORALIS MAJOR
SQUAT - PSOAS
59
SYSTEM OF GLANDS THAT SECRETE HORMONES INTO BLOODSTREAM TO REGULATE A VARIETY OF BODILY FUNCTIONS (CONTROL MOOD, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, TISSUE FUNCTION AND METABOLISM)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
60
CONSIST OF HOST ORGANS (GLANDS) CHEMICAL MESSENGERS (HORMONES) AND TARGET (RECEPTOR) CELLS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
61
PRIMARY ENDOCRINE GLANS
HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, THYROID AND ADRENAL GLANDS
62
"MASTER" GLAND OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, CONTROLS FUNCTIONS OF THE OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS
PITUITARY GLAND
63
3 SECTIONS/ LOBES OF PITUITARY GLAND
ANTERIOR, INTERMEDIATE, POSTERIOR
64
SECRETE GROWTH HORMONES, PROLACTIN (TO STIMULATE MILK PRODUCTION AFTER GIVING BIRTH), ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE OR ACTH (TO STIMULATE THE ADRENAL GLANDS), THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE OR TSH, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, AND LUTEININZING HORMONE
ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND
65
SECRETES MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (CONTROL SKIN PIGMENTATION)
INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND
66
SECRETES ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (INCREASE ABSORPTION OF WATER INTO BLOOD BY KIDNEYS) AND OXYTOCIN
POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND
67
PRODUCE HORMONES THAT REGULATE RATE OF METABOLISM AND AFFECT GROWTH AND RATE OF FUNCTION OF MANY OTHER SYSTEMS IN BODY
THYROID GLAND
68
SECRETE HORMONES SUCH AS CORTICOSTEROIDS AND CATECHOLAMINES, INCLUDING CORTISOL AND ADRENALINE (EPINEPHRINE) IN RESPONSE TO STRESS
ADRENAL GLANDS
69
LOCATED IN THE BRAIN, WHAT HAS MUCH CONTROL OF HORMONAL ACTIVITY ?
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND
70
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE DURING VIGOROUS EXERCISE
CARBOHYDRATE (GLUCOSE)
71
PRINCIPLE FUEL FOR THE BRAIN
GLUCOSE
72
WHAT REGULATES CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE ?
PANCREAS
73
PANCREAS PRODUCES WHAT TWO SPECIFIC HORMONES ?
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
74
HELPS REGULATE ENERGY AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM
INSULIN
75
ELEVATED LEVELS OF GLUCOSE TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF WHAT ?
INSULIN
76
INSULIN CAUSES CELLS IN THE LIVER, MUSCLE AND FAT TISSUE TO TAKE UP WHAT AND STORE IT WHERE ?
TAKE UP GLUCOSE FROM BLOOD AND STORE IT AS GLYCOGEN IN LIVER AND MUSCLE
77
STORED FORM OF GLUCOSE
GLYCOGEN
78
FUNCTIONS TO RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS BY TRIGGERING RELEASE OF GLYCOGEN STORES FROM LIVER
GLUCAGON
79
DROP IN CIRCULATING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TRIGGERS RELEASE OF WHAT ?
GLUCAGON FROM PANCREAS
80
STIMULATES LIVER TO CONVERT ITS GLYCOGEN STORES BACK INTO GLUCOSE, WHICH IS THEN RELEASED INTO BLOODSTREAM
GLUCAGON
81
T OR F: AS ACTIVITY LEVELS INCREASE, GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY BODY ALSO INCREASES
TRUE
82
2 CATECHOLAMINE HORMONES PRODUCED BY ADRENAL GLANDS
EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE) AND NOREPINEPHRINE
83
PRODUCED IN TESTED OF MALE AND IN SMALL AMOUNTS IN OVARIES AND ADRENAL GLANDS OF FEMALES
TESTOSTERONE
84
PRODUCED PRIMARILY IN OVARIES OF FEMALES, SMALL AMOUNTS PRODUCED IN ADRENALS IN MALES
ESTROGEN
85
PLAYS FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN GROWTH AND REPAIR OF TISSUE
TESTOSTERONE
86
INFLUENCE ON FAT DEPOSITION
ESTROGEN
87
REFEREED TO AS CATABOLIC HORMONE (ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE BREAKDOWN AND UNDER TIME OF STRESS, SECRETED BY ADRENAL GLANDS TO MAINTAIN ENERGY SUPPLY THROUGH BREAKDOWN OF MACROS
CORTISOL
88
HIGH LEVELS OF WHAT PRODUCED FROM OVERTRAINING, EXCESSIVE STRESS, POOR SLEEP AND INADEQUATE NUTRITION LEADING TO MUSCLE TISSUE BREAKDOWN ALONG WITH OTHER HARMFUL SIDE EFFECTS
CORTISOL
89
RELEASED FROM PITUITARY GLAND AND REGULATED BY HYPOTHALAMUS AND STIMULATED BY ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE, DEEP SLEEP AND VIGOROUS EXERCISE
GROWTH HORMONE
90
ANABOLIC HORMONE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DURING CHILDHOOD UP TO PUBERTY
GROWTH HORMONE
91
LOCATED AT THE BASE OF NECK BELOW THYROID CARTILAGE, RELEASES VITAL HORMONES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR HUMAN METABOLISM
THYROID GLAND
92
RELEASE OF THYROID HORMONES IS REGULATED BY WHAT ?
PITUITARY GLAND
93
LOW THYROID FUNCTION LEADS TO WHAT ?
LOW METABOLISM, FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, SENSITIVITY TO COLD AND WEIGHT GAIN
94
PRESENCE OF WHAT IN BLOOD STREAM IS INDICATIVE OF OVERTRAINING ?
CORTISOL
95
T OR F: EXTREMELY INTENSE OR PROLONGED BOUTS OF ENDURANCE TRAINING CAN LOWER TESTOSTERONE LEVELS WHILE RAISING CORTISOL LEVELS
TRUE
96
CATABOLIC HORMONE
CORTISOL
97
CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CONNECTS BONES TO BONES
LIGAMENTS
98
ACCORDING TO SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, MUSCULAR CONTRACTION OCCURS WHEN WHAT ?
ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER SHORTENING SARCOMERE
99
SYSTEM OF GLANDS THAT SECRETE HORMONES, CONSISTS OF MOST ORGANS, CHEM. MESSENGERS AND TARGET CELLS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
100
MECHANORECEPTOR THAT HELP PREVENT MUSCLES FROM STRETCHING TOO FAR OR TOO FAST
MUSCLE SPINDLE
101
SERIES OF IRREGULARLY SHAPED BONES DIVIDED INTO 4 CATEGORIES
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
102
T OR F: TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH) MUSCLE FIBERS CONTAIN MORE CAPILLARIES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND MYOGLOBIN THAN TYPE 2
TRUE
103
PRODUCES HORMONES (EPI AND NOREPI) FOR FIGHT OR FLIGHT
ADRENAL GLAND
104
ABILITY OF BODY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN WALKING ON CONCRETE AND WALKING ON SAND
SENSORY
