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NASM CPT EXAM STUDY GUIDE > CH.2 BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE PT.2 > Flashcards

CH.2 BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE PT.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

PRIMARY CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CONNECTS BONES TOGETHER AND PROVIDES STABILITY, INPUT TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, GUIDANCE AND LIMITATION OF IMPROPER JOINT MOVEMENT

A

LIGAMENT

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2
Q

LIGAMENTS ARE PRIMARILY MADE UP OF WHAT PROTEINS

A

COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN

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3
Q

GIVES LIGAMENTS SOME FLEXIBILITY OR ELSATIC RECOIL TO WITHSTAND BENDING AND TWISTING

A

ELASTIN

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4
Q

LIGAMENTS DO NOT HEAL OR REPAIR VERY WELL DUE TO WHAT ?

A

POOR VASCULARITY (OR BLOOD SUPPLY)

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5
Q

BEST KIND OF EXERCISE TO HELP STRENGTHEN BONES BECAUSE IT FORCES BONES TO WORK AGAINST GRAVITY

A

WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE

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6
Q

SERIES OF MUSCLES THAT MOVES THE SKELETON

A

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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7
Q

MOVERS AND STABILIZERS OF OUR BODIES

A

MUSCLES

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8
Q

MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBERS

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

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9
Q

LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT IS UNDERNEATH THE FASCIA AND SURROUNDS THE MUSCLE

A

EPIMYSIUM

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10
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS FASCICLES

A

PERIMYSIUM

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11
Q

DEEPEST LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBERS

A

ENDOMYSIUM

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12
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE AND PROVIDE AN ANCHOR FOR MUSCLES TO PRODUCE FORCE

A

TENDONS

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13
Q

ALLOW FORCES GENERATED BY THE MUSCLE TO BE TRANSMITTED FROM THE CONTRACTILE COMPONENTS OF THE MUSCLE TO THE BONES, CREATING MOTION

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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14
Q

T OR F: SIMILAR TO LIGAMENTS, TENDONS HAVE POOR VASCULARITY (BLOOD SUPPLY) AND ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO SLOWER REPAIR AND ADAPTATION.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF MUSCLE THAT PRODUCES MUSCULAR CONTRACTION AND CONSISTS OF REPEATING SECTIONS OF ACTIN AND MYOSIN

A

SARCOMERE

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16
Q

CONTAIN MYOFILAMENTS THAT ARE ACTUAL CONTRACTILE COMPONENTS OF MUSCLE TISSUE

A

MYOFIBRILS

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17
Q

THIN STRINGLIKE FILAMENTS

A

ACTIN

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18
Q

THICK FILAMENTS

A

MYOSIN

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19
Q

SARCOMERES ARE FORMED BY WHAT ?

A

ACTIN (THIN) AND MYOSIN (THICK) FILAMENTS

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20
Q

2 PROTEIN STRUCTURES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A

TROPOMYOSIN AND TROPONIN

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21
Q

LOCATED ON ACTIN FILAMENT AND BLOCKS MYOSIN BINDING SITES LOCATED ON THE ACTIN FILAMENT, KEEPING MYOSIN FROM ATTACHING TO ACTIN WHEN MUSCLE IS IN A RELAXED STATED

A

TROPOMYOSIN

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22
Q

LOCATED ON ACTIN FILAMENT, PROVIDES BINDING SITES FOR BOTH CALCIUM AND TROPOMYOSIN WHEN MUSCLE NEEDS TO CONTRACT

A

TROPONIN

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23
Q

CONTRACTION OF MUSCLE GENERATED BY NEURAL STIMULATION

A

NEURAL ACTIVATION

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24
Q

MOTOR NEURON AND ALL OF THE MUSCLE FIBERS IT INNERVATES

A

MOTOR UNIT

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25
Q

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT CROSS THAT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (SYNAPSE) TO TRANSMIT ELECTRICAL IMPULSES FROM THE NERVE TO THE MUSCLE

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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26
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLES WILL NOT CONTRACT UNLESS THEY ARE STIMULATED BY WHAT ?

A

MOTOR NEURONS

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27
Q

COMMUNICATION LINK BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

A

NEURAL ACTIVATION

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28
Q

MOTOR NEURONS ORIGINATING FROM CNS COMMUNICATE WITH MUSCLE FIBERS THROUGH A SPECIALIZED SYNAPSE CALLED WHAT ?

A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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29
Q

TRANSPORTED FROM THE CNS DOWN THE AXON OF THE NEURON

A

ELECTRICAL IMPULSES (ACTION POTENTIALS)

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30
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTER USED BY THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM

A

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)

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31
Q

STIMULATES MUSCLE FIBERS TO GO THROUGH A SERIES OF STEPS THAT INITIATES MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

A

ACH

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32
Q

PROCESS OF NEURAL STIMULATION CREATING A MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A

EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING

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33
Q

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

A
  1. SARCOMERE SHORTENS AS A RESULT OF Z LINES MOVING CLOSER TOGETHER
  2. Z LINES CONVERGE AS RESULT OF MYOSIN HEADS ATTACHING TO ACTIN FILAMENT AND ASYNCHRONOUSLY PULLING (POWER STROKES) ACTIN FILAMENT ACROSS MYOSIN, RESULTING IN SHORTENING OF MUSCLE FIBER
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34
Q

SINGLE MOTOR UNITS CONSIST OF WHAT ?

A

ONE MOTOR NEURON (NERVE) AND THE MUSCLE FIBERS IT INNERVATES

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35
Q

“ALL OR NOTHING” LAW

A

MOTOR UNITS CANNOT VARY THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THEY GENERATE; THEY EITHER CONTRACT MAXIMALLY OR NOT AT ALL

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36
Q

OVERALL STRENGTH OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION WILL DEPEND ON WHAT ?

A

THE SIZE OF THE MOTOR UNIT RECRUITED (I.E. HOW MANY MUSCLE FIBERS ARE CONTAINED WITHIN THE UNIT) AND THE NUMBER OF MOTOR UNITS THAT ARE ACTIVATED AT A GIVEN TIME

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37
Q

SIZE OF MOTOR UNITS MAKING UP A PARTICULAR MUSCLE WILL RELATE DIRECTLY TO WHAT ?

A

THE FUNCTION OF THAT MUSCLE

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38
Q

2 MAIN CATEGORIES OF MUSCLE FIBERS

A

TYPE 1 & TYPE 2 FIBERS

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39
Q

REFERRED TO AS RED FIBERS

A

TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH)

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40
Q

MUSCLE FIBERS THAT CONTAIN LARGE NUMBER OF CAPILLARIES, MITOCHONDRIA (TRANSFORM ENERGY FROM FOOD INTO ATP, OR CELLULAR ENERGY) AND MYOGLOBIN, WHICH ALLOWS FOR IMPROVED DELIVERY OF OXYGEN

A

TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH)

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41
Q

SUBDIVISIONS OF TYPE 2 (FAST TWITCH) MUSCLE FIBERS

A

TYPE 2A AND TYPE 2X

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42
Q

REFERRED TO AS WHITE FIBERS

A

TYPE 2 (FAST TWITCH)

43
Q

MUSCLE FIBERS THAT HAVE LOW OXIDATIVE CAPACITY (ABILITY TO USE OXYGEN) AND FATIGUE QUICKLY

A

TYPE 2X

44
Q

MUSCLE FIBERS THAT HAVE A HIGHER OXIDATIVE CAPACITY AND FATIGUE MORE SLOWLY; ALSO KNOWN AS INTERMEDIATE FAST TWITCH FIBERS

A

TYPE 2A

45
Q

USE BOTH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC METABOLISM ALMOST EQUALLY TO CREATE ENERGY

A

TYPE 2A

46
Q

MUSCLE FIBERS THAT ARE SMALL IN SIZE (DIAMETER), SLOWER TO PRODUCE MAXIMAL TENSION AND ARE MORE RESISTANT TO FATIGUE

A

TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH)

47
Q

IMPORTANT FOR MUSCLES THAT NEED TO PRODUCE LONG TERM CONTRACTIONS NECESSARY FOR STABILIZATION AND POSTURAL CONTROL

A

TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH)

48
Q

LARGE IN SIZE, QUICK TO PRODUCE MAXIMAL TENSION AND FATIGUE QUICKLY

A

TYPE 2 (FAST TWITCH)

49
Q

FIBERS THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR MUSCLES PRODUCING MOVEMENTS REQUIRING FORCE AND POWER

A

TYPE 2 (FAST TWITCH)

50
Q

T OR F: NOT ALL MUSCLES HAVE A COMBINATION OF SLOW AND FAST TWITCH FIBERS THAT WILL VARY DEPENDING ON THE FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLE

A

FALSE: ALL MUSCLES HAVE A COMBINATION OF SLOW AND FAST TWITCH FIBERS

51
Q

MUSCLES THAT ACT AS PRIME MOVERS (MUSCLE MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR PARTICULAR MOVEMENT)

A

AGONIST MUSCLE

52
Q

ASSIST PRIME MOVERS DURING MOVEMENTS

A

SYNERGIST MUSCLES

53
Q

SUPPORT OF STABILIZE THE BODY

A

STABILIZER

54
Q

PERFORM OPPOSITE ACTION OF THE PRIME MOVER

A

ANTAGONIST MUSCLES

55
Q

AGONIST MUSCLE DURING CHEST PRESS, OVERHEAD PRESS, ROW AND SQUAT

A

CHEST - PECTORALIS MAJOR
OVERHEAD PRESS - DELTOID
ROW - LATISSIMUS DORSI
SQUAT - GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, QUADRICEPS

56
Q

SYNERGIST MUSCLE DURING CHEST PRESS, OVERHEAD PRESS, ROW AND SQUAT

A

CHEST - ANTERIOR DELTOID, TRICEPS
OVERHEAD - TRICEPS
ROW - POSTERIOR DELTOID, BICEPS
SQUAT - HAMSTRING COMPLEX

57
Q

STABILIZER MUSCLE DURING CHEST PRESS, OVERHEAD PRESS, ROW AND SQUAT

A

CHEST, OVERHEAD, ROW - ROTATOR CUFF

SQUAT - TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS

58
Q

ANTAGONIST MUSCLE DURING CHEST PRESS, OVERHEAD PRESS, ROW AND SQUAT

A

CHEST - POSTERIOR DELTOID
OVERHEAD - LATISSIMUS DORSI
ROW - PECTORALIS MAJOR
SQUAT - PSOAS

59
Q

SYSTEM OF GLANDS THAT SECRETE HORMONES INTO BLOODSTREAM TO REGULATE A VARIETY OF BODILY FUNCTIONS (CONTROL MOOD, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, TISSUE FUNCTION AND METABOLISM)

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

60
Q

CONSIST OF HOST ORGANS (GLANDS) CHEMICAL MESSENGERS (HORMONES) AND TARGET (RECEPTOR) CELLS

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

61
Q

PRIMARY ENDOCRINE GLANS

A

HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, THYROID AND ADRENAL GLANDS

62
Q

“MASTER” GLAND OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, CONTROLS FUNCTIONS OF THE OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS

A

PITUITARY GLAND

63
Q

3 SECTIONS/ LOBES OF PITUITARY GLAND

A

ANTERIOR, INTERMEDIATE, POSTERIOR

64
Q

SECRETE GROWTH HORMONES, PROLACTIN (TO STIMULATE MILK PRODUCTION AFTER GIVING BIRTH), ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE OR ACTH (TO STIMULATE THE ADRENAL GLANDS), THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE OR TSH, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, AND LUTEININZING HORMONE

A

ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND

65
Q

SECRETES MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (CONTROL SKIN PIGMENTATION)

A

INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND

66
Q

SECRETES ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (INCREASE ABSORPTION OF WATER INTO BLOOD BY KIDNEYS) AND OXYTOCIN

A

POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND

67
Q

PRODUCE HORMONES THAT REGULATE RATE OF METABOLISM AND AFFECT GROWTH AND RATE OF FUNCTION OF MANY OTHER SYSTEMS IN BODY

A

THYROID GLAND

68
Q

SECRETE HORMONES SUCH AS CORTICOSTEROIDS AND CATECHOLAMINES, INCLUDING CORTISOL AND ADRENALINE (EPINEPHRINE) IN RESPONSE TO STRESS

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

69
Q

LOCATED IN THE BRAIN, WHAT HAS MUCH CONTROL OF HORMONAL ACTIVITY ?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND

70
Q

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE DURING VIGOROUS EXERCISE

A

CARBOHYDRATE (GLUCOSE)

71
Q

PRINCIPLE FUEL FOR THE BRAIN

A

GLUCOSE

72
Q

WHAT REGULATES CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE ?

A

PANCREAS

73
Q

PANCREAS PRODUCES WHAT TWO SPECIFIC HORMONES ?

A

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

74
Q

HELPS REGULATE ENERGY AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM

A

INSULIN

75
Q

ELEVATED LEVELS OF GLUCOSE TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF WHAT ?

A

INSULIN

76
Q

INSULIN CAUSES CELLS IN THE LIVER, MUSCLE AND FAT TISSUE TO TAKE UP WHAT AND STORE IT WHERE ?

A

TAKE UP GLUCOSE FROM BLOOD AND STORE IT AS GLYCOGEN IN LIVER AND MUSCLE

77
Q

STORED FORM OF GLUCOSE

A

GLYCOGEN

78
Q

FUNCTIONS TO RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS BY TRIGGERING RELEASE OF GLYCOGEN STORES FROM LIVER

A

GLUCAGON

79
Q

DROP IN CIRCULATING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TRIGGERS RELEASE OF WHAT ?

A

GLUCAGON FROM PANCREAS

80
Q

STIMULATES LIVER TO CONVERT ITS GLYCOGEN STORES BACK INTO GLUCOSE, WHICH IS THEN RELEASED INTO BLOODSTREAM

A

GLUCAGON

81
Q

T OR F: AS ACTIVITY LEVELS INCREASE, GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY BODY ALSO INCREASES

A

TRUE

82
Q

2 CATECHOLAMINE HORMONES PRODUCED BY ADRENAL GLANDS

A

EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE) AND NOREPINEPHRINE

83
Q

PRODUCED IN TESTED OF MALE AND IN SMALL AMOUNTS IN OVARIES AND ADRENAL GLANDS OF FEMALES

A

TESTOSTERONE

84
Q

PRODUCED PRIMARILY IN OVARIES OF FEMALES, SMALL AMOUNTS PRODUCED IN ADRENALS IN MALES

A

ESTROGEN

85
Q

PLAYS FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN GROWTH AND REPAIR OF TISSUE

A

TESTOSTERONE

86
Q

INFLUENCE ON FAT DEPOSITION

A

ESTROGEN

87
Q

REFEREED TO AS CATABOLIC HORMONE (ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE BREAKDOWN AND UNDER TIME OF STRESS, SECRETED BY ADRENAL GLANDS TO MAINTAIN ENERGY SUPPLY THROUGH BREAKDOWN OF MACROS

A

CORTISOL

88
Q

HIGH LEVELS OF WHAT PRODUCED FROM OVERTRAINING, EXCESSIVE STRESS, POOR SLEEP AND INADEQUATE NUTRITION LEADING TO MUSCLE TISSUE BREAKDOWN ALONG WITH OTHER HARMFUL SIDE EFFECTS

A

CORTISOL

89
Q

RELEASED FROM PITUITARY GLAND AND REGULATED BY HYPOTHALAMUS AND STIMULATED BY ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE, DEEP SLEEP AND VIGOROUS EXERCISE

A

GROWTH HORMONE

90
Q

ANABOLIC HORMONE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DURING CHILDHOOD UP TO PUBERTY

A

GROWTH HORMONE

91
Q

LOCATED AT THE BASE OF NECK BELOW THYROID CARTILAGE, RELEASES VITAL HORMONES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR HUMAN METABOLISM

A

THYROID GLAND

92
Q

RELEASE OF THYROID HORMONES IS REGULATED BY WHAT ?

A

PITUITARY GLAND

93
Q

LOW THYROID FUNCTION LEADS TO WHAT ?

A

LOW METABOLISM, FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, SENSITIVITY TO COLD AND WEIGHT GAIN

94
Q

PRESENCE OF WHAT IN BLOOD STREAM IS INDICATIVE OF OVERTRAINING ?

A

CORTISOL

95
Q

T OR F: EXTREMELY INTENSE OR PROLONGED BOUTS OF ENDURANCE TRAINING CAN LOWER TESTOSTERONE LEVELS WHILE RAISING CORTISOL LEVELS

A

TRUE

96
Q

CATABOLIC HORMONE

A

CORTISOL

97
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CONNECTS BONES TO BONES

A

LIGAMENTS

98
Q

ACCORDING TO SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, MUSCULAR CONTRACTION OCCURS WHEN WHAT ?

A

ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER SHORTENING SARCOMERE

99
Q

SYSTEM OF GLANDS THAT SECRETE HORMONES, CONSISTS OF MOST ORGANS, CHEM. MESSENGERS AND TARGET CELLS

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

100
Q

MECHANORECEPTOR THAT HELP PREVENT MUSCLES FROM STRETCHING TOO FAR OR TOO FAST

A

MUSCLE SPINDLE

101
Q

SERIES OF IRREGULARLY SHAPED BONES DIVIDED INTO 4 CATEGORIES

A

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

102
Q

T OR F: TYPE 1 (SLOW TWITCH) MUSCLE FIBERS CONTAIN MORE CAPILLARIES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND MYOGLOBIN THAN TYPE 2

A

TRUE

103
Q

PRODUCES HORMONES (EPI AND NOREPI) FOR FIGHT OR FLIGHT

A

ADRENAL GLAND

104
Q

ABILITY OF BODY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN WALKING ON CONCRETE AND WALKING ON SAND

A

SENSORY

NASM CPT EXAM STUDY GUIDE (27 decks)

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