CH.17 NUTRITION Flashcards
PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING ORGANISM ASSIMILATES FOOD AND USES IT FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR OF TISSUES
NUTRITION
PROFESSIONAL, LEGALLY QUALIFIED TO PRACTICE IN THE FIELD OF NUTRITION
REGISTERED DIETITIAN (RD)
PRACTICE OF NUTRITION
DIETETICS
PRACTICE OF NUTRITION IS GOVERNED BY WHO ?
NATIONAL CREDENTIALING PROGRAMS AND STATE LICENSING LAWS
T OR F: SOME HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS, USUALLY LICENSED BY STATE AS NURSE OR PHYSICIAN THUS PROTECTED REGARDING STATE LAWS AND REGULATIONS, OFTEN MAKE NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS
TRUE
ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH WE LIVE TODAY PROVIDES A CONSTANT SUPPLY OF PALATABLE FOOD (INCREASING ENERGY INTAKE) WHILE PROMOTING WHAT ?
SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE (REDUCING ENERGY EXPENDITURE)
AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO RAISE TEMP OF 1 GRAM OF WATER 1*C
CALORIE
A UNIT OF EXPRESSION OF ENERGY EQUAL TO 1000 CALORIES; AMT. OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO RAISE TEMP OF 1 KG OR LITER OF WATER 1*C
CALORIE (UPPER CASE C, KCAL)
AMOUNT OF ENERGY (CALORIES) SPENT ON AVERAGE IN A TYPICAL DAY
TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TEE) OR TOTAL DAILY ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TDEE)
TEE IS THE SUM TOTAL OF 3 DIFFERENT ENERGY COMPONENTS WHICH ARE WHAT ?
RESTING METABOLIC RATE (RMR)
THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD (TEF)
ENERGY EXPENDED DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
AMT. OF ENERGY EXPANDED WHILE AT REST; MINIMAL AMT. OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO SUSTAIN VITAL BODILY FUNCTIONS SUCH AS BLOOD CIRCULATION, RESPIRATION AND TEMP REGULATION
RESTING METABOLIC RATE (RMR)
RMR TYPICALLY ACCOUNT FOR WHAT % OF TEE ?
70%
AMT. OF ENERGY EXPANDED ABOVE RMR AS A RESULT OF PROCESSING OF FOOD DIGESTION FOR STORAGE AND USE
THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD (TEF)
TEF TYPICALLY ACCOUNTS FOR WHAT % OF TEE ?
APPROX. 6-10%
AMT. OF ENERGY EXPANDED ABOVE RMR AND TEF ASSOCIATED W/ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
ENERGY EXPENDED DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ACCOUNTS FOR WHAT % OF TEE ?
APPROX. 20%
RMR CAN BE AFFECTED BY WHAT ?
AGE SX GENETICS HORMONAL CHANGES BODY SIZE AND COMPOSITION TEMO ALTITUDE ILLNESS MEDS, FOOD AND CAFFEINE INTAKE
SLIGHT INCREASE IN FAT FREE MASS CAN HAVE GRADUAL INCREASE IN RMR SO WHAT CAN HAVE A POSITIVE EFFECT OF RMR INDIRECTLY ?
EXERCISE
INFLUENCE MANY METABOLIC FUNCTIONS THROUGHOUT BODY, INCLUDING FAT AND CARB METABOLISM AND GROWTH
THYROID HORMONES
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF THYROID HORMONES TEND TO CAUSE WHAT TO RMR ?
INCREASE
ENERGY EXPENDITURE CAN BE ELEVATED B/W HOW MANY MINS AFTER EXERCISE DEPENDING ON INTENSITY AND DURATION
10-90 MINS
TO AVOID DECLINES IN RESTING METABOLISM INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO AVOID STARVATION DIETS THAT COULD LEAD TO WHAT AND INSTEAD BE ENCOURAGED TO BUILD AND MAINTAIN MUSCLE FOR ACTIVE LIVING
LEAD TO WASTING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
AMINO ACIDS LINKED BY PEPTIDE BONDS
PROTEIN
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF PROTEIN
BUILD AND REPAID BODY TISSUES AND STRUCTURES
INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIS OF HORMONES, ENZYMES AND OTHER REGULATORY PEPTIDES; CAN BE USED FOR ENERGY IF CALORIES OR CARBS ARE INSUFFICIENT
PROTEIN
APPROX. HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ARE USED BY BODY TO BUILD ITS MANY DIFFERENT PROTEINS ?
20
2 GENERAL CLASSES OF AMINO ACIDS
ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL
AMINO ACIDS THAT CANNOT BE MANUFACTURED IN BODY (OR ARE MANUFACTURED IN INSUFFICIENT AMT.); OBTAINED FROM FOOD SUPPLY OR SOME OTHER EXOGENOUS SOURCE
ESSENTIAL AMINO
8 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
ISOLEUCINE LEUCINE LYSINE METHIONINE PHENYLALANINE THREONINE TRYPTOPHAN VALINE
AMINOS MANUFACTURED BY BODY FROM DIETARY NITROGEN AND FRAGMENTS OF CARBS AND FAT
NONESSENTIAL AMINO
B/C THEIR RATE OF SYNTHESIS W/IN BODY WHAT AMINOS ARE CONSIDERED SEMIESSENTIAL AMINOS ?
ARGININE AND HISTIDINE
CANNOT BE MANUFACTURED BY BODY AT A RATE THAT WILL SUPPORT GROWTH (ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN)
ARGININE AND HISTIDINE
PROTEINS MUST BE BROKEN DOWN INTO WHAT BEFORE THE BODY CAN USE THEM TO BUILD OR REPAIR TISSUE OR AS ENERGY SUBSTRATE ?
AMINO ACIDS
AS INGESTED PROTEINS ENTER THE STOMACH, THEY ENCOUNTER WHAT, WHICH UNCOILS (OR DENATURES) THE PROTEIN SO THAT DIGESTIVE ENZYMES CAN BEGIN DISMANTLING THE PEPTIDE BONDS
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCI)
DIPEPTIDES, TRIPEPTIDES AND SINGLE AMINO ACIDS ARE ABSORBED THROUGH INTESTINAL WALL INTO THE ENTEROCYTES AND RELEASED INTO BLOOD SUPPLY TO WHAT ?
LIVER
WHAT HELPS SPLIT TRIPEPTIDES AND DIPEPTIDES INTO AMINO ACIDS AND ABSORBS AMINO ACIDS ?
SMALL INTESTINE LINING (ABSORPTIVE CELLS)
IN THE BLOOD STREAM FREE FORM AMINO ACIDS HAVE WHAT POSSIBLE FATES ?
USED FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (BUILDING AND REPAIRING TISSUES OR STRUCTURES)
IMMEDIATE ENERGY
OR POTENTIAL ENERGY (FAT STORAGE)
IF CARBS ARE TOO LOW THE BODY HAS THE ABILITY TO USE WHAT TO PROVIDE ENERGY ?
USE AMINO ACIDS (FROM DIETARY OR BODY PROTEINS)
AMINO ACIDS ARE FIRST DEAMINATED (OR STRIPPED OF THE AMINO GROUP) ALLOWING THE REMAINING CARBON SKELETON TO BE USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WHAT ?
GLUCOSE OR KETONES TO BE USED FOR ENERGY
REMOVED AMINE GROUP PRODUCES WHAT, A TOXIC COMPOUND, WHICH IS CONVERTED INTO UREA IN THE LIVER AND EXCRETED AS URINE BY THE KIDNEYS ?
AMMONIA
IF PROTEIN INTAKE EXCEED THE NEED FOR SYNTHESIS AND ENERGY NEEDS ARE MET, THEN AMINO ACIDS FROM DIETARY PROTEIN ARE DEAMINATED AND THEIR CARBON FRAGMENTS MAY BE STORED AS WHAT ?
FAT
IF A FOOD SUPPLIES ALL OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS IN APPROPRIATE RATIOS IT IS CALLED WHAT ?
COMPLETE PROTEIN
IF A FOOD SOURCE IS LOW OR LACKING IN ONE OR MORE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS IT IS CALLED WHAT ?
INCOMPLETE PROTEIN
THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS THAT IS MISSING OR PRESENT IN THE SMALLEST AMOUNT IS CALLED WHAT ?
LIMITING FACTOR OF THAT PROTEIN
T OR F: THE PROCESS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS WORKS ON ALL OR NONE PRINCIPLE, ALL AMINO ACIDS MUST BE PRESENT AT SITE OF PROTEIN MANUFACTURE, OR SYNTHESIS WILL BE REDUCED TO THE POINT AT WHICH THE CELLS RUNS OUT OF LIMITING AMINO ACID
TRUE
TERMS USED TO RATE DIETARY PROTEIN
PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO (PER)
NET PROTEIN UTILIZATION (NPU)
BIOLOGIC VALUE (BV)
MEASURE OF PROTEIN QUALITY OR HOW WELL IT SATISFIES THE BODYS ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS NEEDS
BV
IF INDIVIDUALS EXCLUSIVELY CONSUME VERY HIGH BV PROTEINS, THEIR AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS WOULD BE MET WITH LESS WHAT ?
PROTEIN
WHEN YOU EXCEED THE AMOUNT OF PROTEIN NEEDED FOR GROWTH, MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR YOUR BODY WILL STORE IT AS WHAT ?
FAT OR GLYCOGEN, USE IT FOR ENERGY OR CONVERT IT TO OTHER NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
MAJOR SOURCE OF COMPLETE PROTEINS
ANIMAL SOURCES, DAIRY AND MEATS
SOURCES OF INCOMPLETE PROTEIN
GRAINS, LEGUMES, NUTS, SEEDS AND OTHER VEGGIES
T OR F: INCOMPLETE PROTEINS CAN BE COMBINED TO MAKE AVAILABLE ALL OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS AND FORM A COMPLETE PROTEIN
TRUE
EXERCISE INCREASES THE WHAT OF AMINO ACIDS AS WELL AS RATE OF PROTEIN TURNOVER IN LEAN BODY MASS DURING RECOVER
INCREASES OXIDATION