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NASM CPT EXAM STUDY GUIDE > CH.2 BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE > Flashcards

CH.2 BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

COMBINATION AND INTERRELATION OF THE NERVOUS, MUSCULAR, AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

A

HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEM

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2
Q

THE 3 SYSTEMS RESPONSIBLE FOR HUMAN MOVEMENT ARE ALSO REFERRED TO AS WHAT ?

A

THE KINETIC CHAIN

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3
Q

CONGLOMERATION OF BILLIONS OF CELLS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A COMMUNICATION NETWORK WITHIN THE HUMAN BODY

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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4
Q

ABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO SENSE CHANGES IN EITHER INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

A

SENSORY FUNCTION

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5
Q

ABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO ANALYZE AND INTERPRET SENSORY INFO TO ALLOW FOR PROPER DECISION MAKING, WHICH PRODUCES THE APPROPRIATE RESPONSE

A

INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION

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6
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR RESPONSE TO SENSORY INFO

A

MOTOR FUNCTION

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7
Q

CUMULATIVE SENSORY INPUT TO CNS FROM ALL MECHANORECEPTORS THAT SENSE BODY POSITION AND LIMB MOVEMENT

A

PROPRIOCEPTION

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8
Q

CNS IS COMPOSED OF WHAT ?

A

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

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9
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT 2 PARTS ?

A

CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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10
Q

CONTAINS ONLY NERVES AND CONNECTS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD (CNS) TO REST OF BODY

A

PNS

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11
Q

3 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

SENSORY, INTEGRATIVE, AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS

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12
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT ?

A

RECRUITMENT OF MUSCLES, LEARNED PATTERNS OF MOVEMENTS, AND FUNCTIONING OF EVERY ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY

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13
Q

TRAINING THE BODY’S PROPRIOCEPTIVE ABILITIES HELP IMPROVE WHAT ?

A

BALANCE
COORDINATION
POSTURE
AND ADAPT TO SURROUNDINGS

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14
Q

FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

NEURON

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15
Q

TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES FROM EFFECTOR SITES (SUCH AS MUSCLES AND ORGANS) VIA RECEPTORS TO THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

A

SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURONS

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16
Q

NEURONS HELPS FORM WHAT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ?

A

HELP FORM THE CORE OF NS (BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL GANGLIA)

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17
Q

SENSORY NEURONS RESPOND TO WHAT ?

A

TO TOUCH, SOUND, LIGHT AND OTHER STIMULI

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18
Q

TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES FROM ONE NEURON TO ANOTHER

A

INTERNEURONS

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19
Q

TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES FROM THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO EFFECTOR SITE

A

MOTOR (EFFERENT) NEURONS

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20
Q

PORTION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM THAT CONSIST OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

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21
Q

CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES THAT SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE BODY

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

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22
Q

PNS CONSIST OF WHAT ?

A

12 CRANIAL NERVES, 31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES, AND SENSORY RECEPTORS

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23
Q

2 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF PERIPHERAL NERVES

A
  1. PROVIDE CONNECTIONS FOR NS TO ACTIVATE DIFFERENT EFFECTOR SITES
  2. RELAY INFO FROM EFFECTOR SITES BACK TO BRAIN VIA SENSORY RECEPTORS
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24
Q

2 SUBDIVISIONS OF PNS

A

SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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25
Q

NERVES THAT SERVE OUTER AREA OF BODY AND SKELETAL MUSCLE, LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF MOVEMENT

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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26
Q

SYSTEM THAT SUPPLIES NEURAL INPUT TO INVOLUNTARY SYSTEMS (E.G. HEART, DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS, AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS)

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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27
Q

AUTONOMIC SYSTEM SUBDIVISIONS

A

SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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28
Q

SYSTEM THAT SERVES TO INCREASE LEVELS OF ACTIVATION IN PREPARATION FOR ACTIVITY

A

SYMPATHETIC

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29
Q

SYSTEM THAT SERVES TO DECREASE LEVELS OF ACTIVATION DURING REST AND RECOVERY

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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30
Q

SENSORY RECEPTORS ARE DIVIDED INTO WHAT 4 CATEGORIES ?

A

MECHANORECEPTORS, NOCICEPTORS, CHEMORECEPTORS AND PHOTORECEPTORS

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31
Q

SENSORY RECEPTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR SENSING DISTORTION IN BODY TISSUES

A

MECHANORECEPTORS

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32
Q

MECHANORECEPTORS ARE LOCATED WHERE ?

A

MUSCLES, TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, AND JOINT CAPSULES AND INCLUDE MUSCLE SPINDLES, GOLGI TENDON ORGANS AND JOINT RECEPTORS

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33
Q

RECEPTORS SENSITIVE TO CHANGE IN LENGTH OF MUSCLE AND THE RATE OF THAT CHANGE

A

MUSCLE SPINDLES

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34
Q

RECEPTOR SENSITIVE TO CHANGE IN TENSION OF THE MUSCLE AND THE RATE OF THAT CHANGE

A

GOLGI TENDON ORGANS

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35
Q

RECEPTORS SURROUNDING A JOINT THAT RESPOND TO PRESSURE, ACCELERATION, AND DECELERATION OF THE JOINT

A

JOINT RECEPTORS

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36
Q

HELP IN REGULATING CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES VIA STRETCH REFLEX MECHANISM

A

MUSCLE SPINDLES

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37
Q

NORMAL RESPONSE BY THE BODY TO A STRETCH STIMULUS IN MUSCLE

A

STRETCH REFLEX

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38
Q

SPECIALIZED SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED AT POINT WHERE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS INSERT INTO THE TENDONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

GOLGI TENDON ORGANS (GTO)

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39
Q

ACTIVATION OF WHAT WILL CAUSE THE MUSCLE TO RELAX, PREVENTING IT FROM EXCESSIVE STRESS OR INJURY ?

A

GOLGI TENDON ORGAN

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40
Q

RESPOND TO SIGNAL OF EXTREME JOINT POSITIONS AND HELPS PREVENT INJURY

A

JOINT RECEPTORS

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41
Q

BODYS FRAME WORK, COMPOSED OF BONES AND JOINTS

A

SKELETAL SYSTEM

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42
Q

SUPPORTS, PROTECTS AND ALLOWS BODY MOVEMENT AS WELL AS HELP PRODUCE BLOOD FOR THE BODY AND STORE MINERALS

A

SKELETAL SYSTEM

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43
Q

GROWTH, MATURATION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ARE GREATLY AFFECTED BY WHAT ?

A

POSTURE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND NUTRITION STATUS

44
Q

MUSCLES ARE CONNECTED TO BONES BY WHAT ?

A

TENDONS

45
Q

BONES FORM JUNCTIONS THAT ARE CONNECTED BY WHAT ?

A

CONNECTED BY MUSCLES AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES

46
Q

PROVIDE RESTING GROUND FOR MUSCLES AND PROTECTIONS OF VITAL ORGANS

A

BONES

47
Q

JUNCTIONS OF BONES, MUSCLES, AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES AT WHICH MOVEMENT OCCURS, ALSO KNOWN AS ARTICULATION

A

JOINTS

48
Q

PORTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THAT CONSIST OF THE SKULL, RIB CAGE, AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN

A

AXIAL SKELETON

49
Q

PORTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES

A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

50
Q

2 DIVISIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

A

AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETAL SYSTEM

51
Q

APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY BONES IN AXIAL SKELETON

A

80 BONES

52
Q

ENCOMPASSES APPROXIMATELY 126 BONES

A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

53
Q

HOW MANY BONES IN SKELETAL SYSTEM ?

A

206 BONES

54
Q

BONES IN HUMAN BODY FORM HOW MANY JOINTS ?

A

MORE THAN 300 JOINTS

55
Q

ACT AND PERFORM AS LEVERS WHEN ACTED ON BY MUSCLES

A

BONES

56
Q

SECOND PRIMARY FUNCTION OF BONES

A

PROVIDE SUPPORT

57
Q

PROCESS OF RESORPTION AND FORMATION OF BONES

A

REMODELING

58
Q

TYPE OF BONE CELL THAT REMOVES BONE TISSUE

A

OSTEOCLASTS

59
Q

TYPE OF CELL THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR BONE FORMATION

A

OSTEOBLASTS

60
Q

5 MAJOR TYPES OF BONES IN SKELETAL SYSTEM

A

LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR AND SESAMOID BONES

61
Q

COMPOSED PREDOMINATELY OF COMPACT TISSUE TO ENSURE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS AND HAVE CONSIDERABLE AMOUNTS OF SPONGY BONE TISSUE FOR SHOCK

A

LONG BONES (HUMERUS, FEMUR)

62
Q

END OF LONG BONES, WHICH IS MAINLY COMPOSED OF CANCELLOUS BONE, AND HOUSE MUCH OF RED MARROW INVOLVED IN RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION, ALSO ONE OF THE PRIMARY SITES FOR BONE GROWTH

A

EPIPHYSIS

63
Q

SHAFT PORTION OF LONG BONE

A

DIAPHYSIS

64
Q

REGION OF LONG BONE CONNECTING DIAPHYSIS TO EPIPHYSIS

A

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

65
Q

LAYER OF SUBDIVING CARTILAGINOUS CELLS IN WHICH GROWTH IN LENGTH OF DIAPHYSIS OCCURS

A

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

66
Q

DENSE MEMBRANE COMPOSED OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CLOSELY WRAPS (INVESTS) ALL BONE, EXCEPT THAT OF ARTICULATING SURFACES IN JOINTS, WHICH ARE COVERED BY SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

A

PERIOSTEUM

67
Q

CENTRAL CAVITY OF BONE SHAFTS WHERE MARROW IS STORED

A

MEDULLAR CAVITY

68
Q

CARTILAGE THAT COVERS THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF BONES

A

ARTICULAR (HYALINE) CARTILAGE

69
Q

CONTAINS NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS AND BONE PRODUCING CELLS

A

PERIOSTEUM

70
Q

PLAYS FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN MOVEMENT BY PROVIDING POINT OF ATTACHMENT FOR TENDONS

A

PERIOSTEUM

71
Q

RUNS THROUGH CENTER OF DIAPHYSIS AND CONTAINS YELLOW MATTER USED FOR ENERGY RESERVE

A

MEDULLAR CAVITY

72
Q

ALONG WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID, HELPS REDUCE FRICTION IN FREELY MOVEABLE (SYNOVIAL JOINTS)

A

ARTICULAR (HYALINE) CARTILAGE

73
Q

INVOLVED IN PROTECTIONS OF INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND PROVIDE BROAD ATTACHMENT SITES FOR MUSCLES

A

FLAT BONES

74
Q

SMALL BONES EMBEDDED IN A JOINT CAPSULE

A

SESAMOID BONES

75
Q

DEVELOP WITHIN PARTICULAR TENDONS AT A SITE OF CONSIDERABLE FRICTION OR TENSION AND IMPROVE LEVERAGE AND PROTECT JOINT FROM DAMAGE

A

SESAMOID BONES

76
Q

NECESSARY FOR INCREASING STABILITY IN JOINTS AS WELL AS PROVIDING ATTACHMENT SITES FOR MUSCLES

A

SURFACE MARKINGS

77
Q

2 DIVISIONS OF SURFACE MARKINGS

A

DEPRESSIONS AND PROCESSES

78
Q

FLATTENED OR INDENTED PORTIONS OF BONES, WHICH CAN BE MUSCLE ATTACHMENT SITES

A

DEPRESSIONS

79
Q

PROJECTIONS PROTRUDING FORM BONE WHERE MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND LIGAMENTS CAN ATTACH

A

PROCESSES

80
Q

SIMPLE GROOVE IN BONE THAT ALLOWS SOFT TISSUE (I.E. TENDONS) TO PASS THROUGH

A

SULCUS (DEPRESSION)

81
Q

LOCATED AT BOTTOM OF FEMUR AND TOP OF TIBIA AND HELP FORM KNEE JOINT

A

CONDYLES

82
Q

LOCATED ON INNER AND OUTER PORTION OF HUMERUS AND HELP FORM ELBOW JOINT

A

EPICONDYLES

83
Q

LOCATED AT TOP OF HUMERUS AT THE GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT

A

TUBERCLES

84
Q

LOCATED AT TOP OF FEMUR AND ARE ATTACHMENT SITES FOR HIP MUSCULATURE

A

TROCHANTERS

85
Q

SERIES OF IRREGULARLY SHAPED BONES CALLED VERTEBRAE THAT HOUSES SPINAL CORD

A

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

86
Q

FIRST SEVEN VERTEBRAE AND PROVIDE SUPPORT AND MOTION OF HEAD

A

CERVICAL VERTABRAE (CERVIAL SPINE C1-C7)

87
Q

12 VERTEBRAE THAT FORM REAR ANCHOR OF RIB CAGE, LOCATED IN UPPER AND MIDDLE BACK

A

THORACIC VERTEBRAE (THORACIC SPINE T1-T12)

88
Q

5 LARGEST VERTEBRAE IN SPINAL COLUMN, HELP SUPPORT MOST OF BODYS WEIGHT AND ARE ATTACHED TO MANY OF THE BACK MUSCLES

A

LUMBER VERTEBRAE (LUMBAR SPINE L1-L5)

89
Q

4 OR 5 VERTEBRAE IN CHILD AND FUSE INTO SINGLE BONE DURING ADULTHOOD (TRIANGULAR BONE)

A

SACRUM

90
Q

BOTTOM OF SPINAL COLUMN, CONSIST OF 3-5 BONES THAT FUSE IN ADULTHOOD

A

COCCYX (TAILBONE)

91
Q

MADE OF FIBROUS CARTILAGE THAT ACT AS SHOCK ABSORBERS AND ALLOW BACK TO MOVE, LOCATED IN BETWEEN VERTEBRAE

A

INTERVERTERBRAL DISCS

92
Q

ARTHROKINEMATICS

A

JOINT MOTION

93
Q

FORMED BY ONE BONE THAT ARTICULATED WITH ANOTHER BONE

A

JOINTS

94
Q

3 MOTION TYPES OF JOINTS

A

ROLL, SLIDE, SPIN

95
Q

JOINTS THAT ARE HELD TOGETHER BY A JOINT CAPSULE AND LIGAMENTS AND ARE MOST ASSOCIATED WITH MOVEMENT IN THE BODY

A

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

96
Q

APPROXIMATELY 80% OF ALL JOINTS IN THE BODY, HAVE GREATEST CAPACITY FOR MOTION

A

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

97
Q

PRODUCE SYNOVIAL FLUID

A

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

98
Q

NONAXIAL JOINT, MOVES EITHER BACK AND FORTH OR SIDE TO SIDE

A

GLIDING (PLANE) JOINT

99
Q

MOVEMENT OF THIS JOINT OCCURS IN ONE PLANE (FLEXION AND EXTENSION IN SAGITTAL PLANE)

A

CONDYLOID (CONDYLAR OR ELLIPSOIDAL) JOINTS

100
Q

UNIAXIAL JOINT ALLOWING MOVEMENT PREDOMINATELY IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE

A

HINGE JOINT

101
Q

ONLY FOUND IN CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT IN THUMB, ALLOWS MOVEMENT ONLY IN 2 PLANES OF MOTION (FLEXION AND EXTENSION IN SAGITTAL PLANE)

A

SADDLE JOINT

102
Q

FOUND IN THE ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT AT BASE OF SKULL (TOP OF SPINE) AND PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT AT ELBOW; MOVEMENT PREDOMINATELY IN ONE PLANE OF MOTION (ROTATION, PRONATION, AND SUPINATION IN THE TRANSVERSE PLANE)

A

PIVOT JOINTS

103
Q

MOST MOBILE JOINTS AND ALLOW MOVEMENTS IN ALL 3 PLANES

A

BALL & SOCKET JOINTS

104
Q

JOINTS THAT DO NOT HAVE A JOINT CAVITY, CONNECTIVE TISSUE OR CARTILAGE

A

NONSYNOVIAL JOINTS

105
Q

T OR F: ALL JOINTS IN HUMAN BODY ARE LINKED TOGETHER

A

TRUE

NASM CPT EXAM STUDY GUIDE (27 decks)

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