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NASM CPT EXAM STUDY GUIDE > CH.2 BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE > Flashcards

CH.2 BASIC EXERCISE SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

COMBINATION AND INTERRELATION OF THE NERVOUS, MUSCULAR, AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

A

HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEM

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2
Q

THE 3 SYSTEMS RESPONSIBLE FOR HUMAN MOVEMENT ARE ALSO REFERRED TO AS WHAT ?

A

THE KINETIC CHAIN

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3
Q

CONGLOMERATION OF BILLIONS OF CELLS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A COMMUNICATION NETWORK WITHIN THE HUMAN BODY

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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4
Q

ABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO SENSE CHANGES IN EITHER INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

A

SENSORY FUNCTION

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5
Q

ABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO ANALYZE AND INTERPRET SENSORY INFO TO ALLOW FOR PROPER DECISION MAKING, WHICH PRODUCES THE APPROPRIATE RESPONSE

A

INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION

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6
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR RESPONSE TO SENSORY INFO

A

MOTOR FUNCTION

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7
Q

CUMULATIVE SENSORY INPUT TO CNS FROM ALL MECHANORECEPTORS THAT SENSE BODY POSITION AND LIMB MOVEMENT

A

PROPRIOCEPTION

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8
Q

CNS IS COMPOSED OF WHAT ?

A

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

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9
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT 2 PARTS ?

A

CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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10
Q

CONTAINS ONLY NERVES AND CONNECTS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD (CNS) TO REST OF BODY

A

PNS

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11
Q

3 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

SENSORY, INTEGRATIVE, AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS

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12
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT ?

A

RECRUITMENT OF MUSCLES, LEARNED PATTERNS OF MOVEMENTS, AND FUNCTIONING OF EVERY ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY

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13
Q

TRAINING THE BODY’S PROPRIOCEPTIVE ABILITIES HELP IMPROVE WHAT ?

A

BALANCE
COORDINATION
POSTURE
AND ADAPT TO SURROUNDINGS

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14
Q

FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

NEURON

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15
Q

TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES FROM EFFECTOR SITES (SUCH AS MUSCLES AND ORGANS) VIA RECEPTORS TO THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

A

SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURONS

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16
Q

NEURONS HELPS FORM WHAT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ?

A

HELP FORM THE CORE OF NS (BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL GANGLIA)

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17
Q

SENSORY NEURONS RESPOND TO WHAT ?

A

TO TOUCH, SOUND, LIGHT AND OTHER STIMULI

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18
Q

TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES FROM ONE NEURON TO ANOTHER

A

INTERNEURONS

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19
Q

TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES FROM THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO EFFECTOR SITE

A

MOTOR (EFFERENT) NEURONS

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20
Q

PORTION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM THAT CONSIST OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

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21
Q

CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES THAT SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE BODY

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

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22
Q

PNS CONSIST OF WHAT ?

A

12 CRANIAL NERVES, 31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES, AND SENSORY RECEPTORS

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23
Q

2 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF PERIPHERAL NERVES

A
  1. PROVIDE CONNECTIONS FOR NS TO ACTIVATE DIFFERENT EFFECTOR SITES
  2. RELAY INFO FROM EFFECTOR SITES BACK TO BRAIN VIA SENSORY RECEPTORS
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24
Q

2 SUBDIVISIONS OF PNS

A

SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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25
NERVES THAT SERVE OUTER AREA OF BODY AND SKELETAL MUSCLE, LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF MOVEMENT
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
26
SYSTEM THAT SUPPLIES NEURAL INPUT TO INVOLUNTARY SYSTEMS (E.G. HEART, DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS, AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
27
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM SUBDIVISIONS
SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
28
SYSTEM THAT SERVES TO INCREASE LEVELS OF ACTIVATION IN PREPARATION FOR ACTIVITY
SYMPATHETIC
29
SYSTEM THAT SERVES TO DECREASE LEVELS OF ACTIVATION DURING REST AND RECOVERY
PARASYMPATHETIC
30
SENSORY RECEPTORS ARE DIVIDED INTO WHAT 4 CATEGORIES ?
MECHANORECEPTORS, NOCICEPTORS, CHEMORECEPTORS AND PHOTORECEPTORS
31
SENSORY RECEPTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR SENSING DISTORTION IN BODY TISSUES
MECHANORECEPTORS
32
MECHANORECEPTORS ARE LOCATED WHERE ?
MUSCLES, TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, AND JOINT CAPSULES AND INCLUDE MUSCLE SPINDLES, GOLGI TENDON ORGANS AND JOINT RECEPTORS
33
RECEPTORS SENSITIVE TO CHANGE IN LENGTH OF MUSCLE AND THE RATE OF THAT CHANGE
MUSCLE SPINDLES
34
RECEPTOR SENSITIVE TO CHANGE IN TENSION OF THE MUSCLE AND THE RATE OF THAT CHANGE
GOLGI TENDON ORGANS
35
RECEPTORS SURROUNDING A JOINT THAT RESPOND TO PRESSURE, ACCELERATION, AND DECELERATION OF THE JOINT
JOINT RECEPTORS
36
HELP IN REGULATING CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES VIA STRETCH REFLEX MECHANISM
MUSCLE SPINDLES
37
NORMAL RESPONSE BY THE BODY TO A STRETCH STIMULUS IN MUSCLE
STRETCH REFLEX
38
SPECIALIZED SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED AT POINT WHERE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS INSERT INTO THE TENDONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
GOLGI TENDON ORGANS (GTO)
39
ACTIVATION OF WHAT WILL CAUSE THE MUSCLE TO RELAX, PREVENTING IT FROM EXCESSIVE STRESS OR INJURY ?
GOLGI TENDON ORGAN
40
RESPOND TO SIGNAL OF EXTREME JOINT POSITIONS AND HELPS PREVENT INJURY
JOINT RECEPTORS
41
BODYS FRAME WORK, COMPOSED OF BONES AND JOINTS
SKELETAL SYSTEM
42
SUPPORTS, PROTECTS AND ALLOWS BODY MOVEMENT AS WELL AS HELP PRODUCE BLOOD FOR THE BODY AND STORE MINERALS
SKELETAL SYSTEM
43
GROWTH, MATURATION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ARE GREATLY AFFECTED BY WHAT ?
POSTURE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND NUTRITION STATUS
44
MUSCLES ARE CONNECTED TO BONES BY WHAT ?
TENDONS
45
BONES FORM JUNCTIONS THAT ARE CONNECTED BY WHAT ?
CONNECTED BY MUSCLES AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES
46
PROVIDE RESTING GROUND FOR MUSCLES AND PROTECTIONS OF VITAL ORGANS
BONES
47
JUNCTIONS OF BONES, MUSCLES, AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES AT WHICH MOVEMENT OCCURS, ALSO KNOWN AS ARTICULATION
JOINTS
48
PORTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THAT CONSIST OF THE SKULL, RIB CAGE, AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN
AXIAL SKELETON
49
PORTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
50
2 DIVISIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETAL SYSTEM
51
APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY BONES IN AXIAL SKELETON
80 BONES
52
ENCOMPASSES APPROXIMATELY 126 BONES
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
53
HOW MANY BONES IN SKELETAL SYSTEM ?
206 BONES
54
BONES IN HUMAN BODY FORM HOW MANY JOINTS ?
MORE THAN 300 JOINTS
55
ACT AND PERFORM AS LEVERS WHEN ACTED ON BY MUSCLES
BONES
56
SECOND PRIMARY FUNCTION OF BONES
PROVIDE SUPPORT
57
PROCESS OF RESORPTION AND FORMATION OF BONES
REMODELING
58
TYPE OF BONE CELL THAT REMOVES BONE TISSUE
OSTEOCLASTS
59
TYPE OF CELL THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR BONE FORMATION
OSTEOBLASTS
60
5 MAJOR TYPES OF BONES IN SKELETAL SYSTEM
LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR AND SESAMOID BONES
61
COMPOSED PREDOMINATELY OF COMPACT TISSUE TO ENSURE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS AND HAVE CONSIDERABLE AMOUNTS OF SPONGY BONE TISSUE FOR SHOCK
LONG BONES (HUMERUS, FEMUR)
62
END OF LONG BONES, WHICH IS MAINLY COMPOSED OF CANCELLOUS BONE, AND HOUSE MUCH OF RED MARROW INVOLVED IN RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION, ALSO ONE OF THE PRIMARY SITES FOR BONE GROWTH
EPIPHYSIS
63
SHAFT PORTION OF LONG BONE
DIAPHYSIS
64
REGION OF LONG BONE CONNECTING DIAPHYSIS TO EPIPHYSIS
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
65
LAYER OF SUBDIVING CARTILAGINOUS CELLS IN WHICH GROWTH IN LENGTH OF DIAPHYSIS OCCURS
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
66
DENSE MEMBRANE COMPOSED OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CLOSELY WRAPS (INVESTS) ALL BONE, EXCEPT THAT OF ARTICULATING SURFACES IN JOINTS, WHICH ARE COVERED BY SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
PERIOSTEUM
67
CENTRAL CAVITY OF BONE SHAFTS WHERE MARROW IS STORED
MEDULLAR CAVITY
68
CARTILAGE THAT COVERS THE ARTICULAR SURFACES OF BONES
ARTICULAR (HYALINE) CARTILAGE
69
CONTAINS NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS AND BONE PRODUCING CELLS
PERIOSTEUM
70
PLAYS FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN MOVEMENT BY PROVIDING POINT OF ATTACHMENT FOR TENDONS
PERIOSTEUM
71
RUNS THROUGH CENTER OF DIAPHYSIS AND CONTAINS YELLOW MATTER USED FOR ENERGY RESERVE
MEDULLAR CAVITY
72
ALONG WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID, HELPS REDUCE FRICTION IN FREELY MOVEABLE (SYNOVIAL JOINTS)
ARTICULAR (HYALINE) CARTILAGE
73
INVOLVED IN PROTECTIONS OF INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND PROVIDE BROAD ATTACHMENT SITES FOR MUSCLES
FLAT BONES
74
SMALL BONES EMBEDDED IN A JOINT CAPSULE
SESAMOID BONES
75
DEVELOP WITHIN PARTICULAR TENDONS AT A SITE OF CONSIDERABLE FRICTION OR TENSION AND IMPROVE LEVERAGE AND PROTECT JOINT FROM DAMAGE
SESAMOID BONES
76
NECESSARY FOR INCREASING STABILITY IN JOINTS AS WELL AS PROVIDING ATTACHMENT SITES FOR MUSCLES
SURFACE MARKINGS
77
2 DIVISIONS OF SURFACE MARKINGS
DEPRESSIONS AND PROCESSES
78
FLATTENED OR INDENTED PORTIONS OF BONES, WHICH CAN BE MUSCLE ATTACHMENT SITES
DEPRESSIONS
79
PROJECTIONS PROTRUDING FORM BONE WHERE MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND LIGAMENTS CAN ATTACH
PROCESSES
80
SIMPLE GROOVE IN BONE THAT ALLOWS SOFT TISSUE (I.E. TENDONS) TO PASS THROUGH
SULCUS (DEPRESSION)
81
LOCATED AT BOTTOM OF FEMUR AND TOP OF TIBIA AND HELP FORM KNEE JOINT
CONDYLES
82
LOCATED ON INNER AND OUTER PORTION OF HUMERUS AND HELP FORM ELBOW JOINT
EPICONDYLES
83
LOCATED AT TOP OF HUMERUS AT THE GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT
TUBERCLES
84
LOCATED AT TOP OF FEMUR AND ARE ATTACHMENT SITES FOR HIP MUSCULATURE
TROCHANTERS
85
SERIES OF IRREGULARLY SHAPED BONES CALLED VERTEBRAE THAT HOUSES SPINAL CORD
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
86
FIRST SEVEN VERTEBRAE AND PROVIDE SUPPORT AND MOTION OF HEAD
CERVICAL VERTABRAE (CERVIAL SPINE C1-C7)
87
12 VERTEBRAE THAT FORM REAR ANCHOR OF RIB CAGE, LOCATED IN UPPER AND MIDDLE BACK
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (THORACIC SPINE T1-T12)
88
5 LARGEST VERTEBRAE IN SPINAL COLUMN, HELP SUPPORT MOST OF BODYS WEIGHT AND ARE ATTACHED TO MANY OF THE BACK MUSCLES
LUMBER VERTEBRAE (LUMBAR SPINE L1-L5)
89
4 OR 5 VERTEBRAE IN CHILD AND FUSE INTO SINGLE BONE DURING ADULTHOOD (TRIANGULAR BONE)
SACRUM
90
BOTTOM OF SPINAL COLUMN, CONSIST OF 3-5 BONES THAT FUSE IN ADULTHOOD
COCCYX (TAILBONE)
91
MADE OF FIBROUS CARTILAGE THAT ACT AS SHOCK ABSORBERS AND ALLOW BACK TO MOVE, LOCATED IN BETWEEN VERTEBRAE
INTERVERTERBRAL DISCS
92
ARTHROKINEMATICS
JOINT MOTION
93
FORMED BY ONE BONE THAT ARTICULATED WITH ANOTHER BONE
JOINTS
94
3 MOTION TYPES OF JOINTS
ROLL, SLIDE, SPIN
95
JOINTS THAT ARE HELD TOGETHER BY A JOINT CAPSULE AND LIGAMENTS AND ARE MOST ASSOCIATED WITH MOVEMENT IN THE BODY
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
96
APPROXIMATELY 80% OF ALL JOINTS IN THE BODY, HAVE GREATEST CAPACITY FOR MOTION
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
97
PRODUCE SYNOVIAL FLUID
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
98
NONAXIAL JOINT, MOVES EITHER BACK AND FORTH OR SIDE TO SIDE
GLIDING (PLANE) JOINT
99
MOVEMENT OF THIS JOINT OCCURS IN ONE PLANE (FLEXION AND EXTENSION IN SAGITTAL PLANE)
CONDYLOID (CONDYLAR OR ELLIPSOIDAL) JOINTS
100
UNIAXIAL JOINT ALLOWING MOVEMENT PREDOMINATELY IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE
HINGE JOINT
101
ONLY FOUND IN CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT IN THUMB, ALLOWS MOVEMENT ONLY IN 2 PLANES OF MOTION (FLEXION AND EXTENSION IN SAGITTAL PLANE)
SADDLE JOINT
102
FOUND IN THE ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT AT BASE OF SKULL (TOP OF SPINE) AND PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT AT ELBOW; MOVEMENT PREDOMINATELY IN ONE PLANE OF MOTION (ROTATION, PRONATION, AND SUPINATION IN THE TRANSVERSE PLANE)
PIVOT JOINTS
103
MOST MOBILE JOINTS AND ALLOW MOVEMENTS IN ALL 3 PLANES
BALL & SOCKET JOINTS
104
JOINTS THAT DO NOT HAVE A JOINT CAVITY, CONNECTIVE TISSUE OR CARTILAGE
NONSYNOVIAL JOINTS
105
T OR F: ALL JOINTS IN HUMAN BODY ARE LINKED TOGETHER
TRUE

NASM CPT EXAM STUDY GUIDE (27 decks)

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