Ch. 9 Vocab

Question 1

a catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP

Answer 1

aerobic respiration

Question 2

glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

Answer 2

alcohol fermentation

Question 3

a complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse

Answer 3

ATP synthase

Question 4

the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP

Answer 4

cellular respiration

Question 5

an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP

Answer 5

chemiosmosis

Question 6

iron-containing proteins that are components of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells

Answer 6

cytochromes

Question 7

a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Answer 7

electron transport chain

Question 8

organisms that make ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present

Answer 8

facultative anaerobes

Question 9

a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Answer 9

fermentation

Question 10

glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide

Answer 10

lactic acid fermentation

Question 11

organisms that require oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it

Answer 11

obligate anaerobes

Question 12

the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Answer 12

oxidation

Question 13

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; third major stage of cellular respiration

Answer 13

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 14

the electron acceptor in a redox reaction

Answer 14

oxidizing agent

Question 15

the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis

Answer 15

proton-motive force

Question 16

a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for oxidation-reduction reaction

Answer 16

redox reaction

Question 17

the electron donor in a redox reaction

Answer 17

reducing agent

Question 18

the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

Answer 18

reduction

Question 19

Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Answer 19

acetyl CoA