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AP Biology > Ch. 12 Vocab > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

an ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome

A

chromatin

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3
Q

the specialized region of the chromosome where two sister chromatids are most closely attached

A

centromere

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4
Q

cellular structures carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II

A

cytokinesis

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6
Q

structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center

A

centrosome

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7
Q

the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

A

cleavage furrow

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8
Q

the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; the succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells

A

cleavage

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9
Q

a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell forms during cytokinesis

A

cell plate

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10
Q

a cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

A

cell cycle control system

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11
Q

a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

A

checkpoint

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12
Q

a cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle

A

cyclin

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13
Q

a protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin

A

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

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14
Q

the fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell

A

anaphase

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15
Q

the requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

A

anchorage dependence

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16
Q

a method of asexual reproduction by “division of half”

A

binary fission

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17
Q

a mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of its origin

A

benign tumor

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18
Q

the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another

A

density-dependent inhibition

19
Q

a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis

A

aster

20
Q

the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its no coding nucleic acid sequences

A

genome

21
Q

haploid reproductive cells, such as eggs or sperm

A

gametes

22
Q

the first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins

A

G1 phase

23
Q

the second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

A

G2 phase

24
Q

a no dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle

A

G0 phase

25
Q

a protein that must be present in the extra cellular environment for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells; a local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation

A

growth factor

26
Q

the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing

A

interphase

27
Q

a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

A

kinetochore

28
Q

a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

A

mitosis

29
Q

the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

A

mitotic (M) phase

30
Q

a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication

A

meiosis

31
Q

the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate

A

metaphase

32
Q

an imaginary plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located

A

metaphase plate

33
Q

an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis

A

mitotic spindle

34
Q

a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs

A

malignant tumor

35
Q

the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site

A

metastasis

36
Q

the second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

A

prometaphase

37
Q

the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears, but the nucleus remains intact

A

prophase

38
Q

any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg

A

somatic cells

39
Q

either of two copies of duplicated chromosomes attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms

A

sister chromatids

40
Q

the synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated

A

S phase

41
Q

the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun

A

telophase

42
Q

the conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell; a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell

A

transformation

43
Q

short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides

A

origin of replication

44
Q

the reproduction of cells

A

cell division

AP Biology (31 decks)

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