Ch. 6 Vocab Flashcards
the disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation
cell fractionation
cellular structures carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
chromosomes
a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists
contractile vacuole
a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development
central vacuole
an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
chloroplast
an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP
cristae
a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions
cytoskeleton
structures in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern; has a pair of centrioles
centrioles
short cellular appendages containing microtubules
cilia
a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists
cell wall
a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
eukaryotic cell
an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the other nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions
endoplasmic reticulum
long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion
flagella
an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non-cellulose carbohydrates
golgi apparatus
a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast; function in the light reactions of photosynthesis
granum
an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration
mitochondria
the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle
mitochondrial matrix
hollow rods composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella
microtubules
cables composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; aka actin filament
microfilaments
an atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons; the chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell; a cluster of neurons
nucleus
a specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
nucleolus
a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
prokaryotic cell
a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell; carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals
phagocytosis
cellular extensions of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding
pseudopodia
the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
stroma
flattened membranous sacs inside a chloroplast; exist in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy
thylakoids
the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
