Ch. 13 Vocab

Question 1

the X-shaped microscopically visible region where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis, the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion

Answer 1

chiasma

Question 2

the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis

Answer 2

crossing over

Question 3

the junction where one neuron communicates with another cell across a narrow gap by releasing neurotransmitters

Answer 3

synapse

Question 4

in organisms that have alteration of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Answer 4

gametophyte

Question 5

in the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alteration of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis; in fungi, a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination; can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual without fusing with another cell

Answer 5

spores

Question 6

the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes; produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes

Answer 6

sporophyte

Question 7

a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae

Answer 7

alteration of generations

Question 8

a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication; results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell

Answer 8

meiosis

Question 9

the diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg

Answer 9

zygote

Question 10

the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote; the addition of mineral nutrients to the soil

Answer 10

fertilization

Question 11

a cell containing only one set of chromosomes

Answer 11

haploid cells

Question 12

a cell containing two sets of chromosomes

Answer 12

diploid cells

Question 13

a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome

Answer 13

autosomes

Question 14

a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual

Answer 14

sex chromosomes

Question 15

a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci; aka homologs

Answer 15

homologous chromosomes

Question 16

a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

Answer 16

karyotype

Question 17

any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg

Answer 17

somatic cell

Question 18

the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

Answer 18

life cycle

Question 19

a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells

Answer 19

clone

Question 20

a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents

Answer 20

sexual reproduction

Question 21

the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts)

Answer 21

asexual reproduction

Question 22

a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm

Answer 22

gametes

Question 23

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA

Answer 23

genes

Question 24

the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

Answer 24

genetics

Question 25

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Answer 25

heredity

Question 26

a chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome

Answer 26

recombinant chromosomes