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AP Biology > Ch. 5 Vocab > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its diners (disaccharides) of polymers (polysaccharides)

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

a chemical agent that increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

A

catalyst

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3
Q

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

A

cellulose

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4
Q

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

A

chaperonins

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5
Q

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction

A

condensation reaction

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7
Q

a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule

A

dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

in proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix; occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature

A

denaturation

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9
Q

a double sugar consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis

A

disaccharide

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10
Q

a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of the cysteine monomer

A

disulfide bridges

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11
Q

a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins

A

DNA

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12
Q

the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent anti parallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

A

double helix

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13
Q

macromolecules serving as catalysts

A

enzymes

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14
Q

a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; aka triacylglycerol or triglyceride

A

fat

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15
Q

a long carbon chain carboxylic acid; vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds

A

fatty acid

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16
Q

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

A

gene

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17
Q

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

A

glycogen

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18
Q

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

A

glycosidic linkage

19
Q

a chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of waters functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers

A

hydrolysis

20
Q

one of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water

A

lipids

21
Q

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction

A

macromolecule

22
Q

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

A

monomer

23
Q

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides; simple sugars whose molecular formula are generally some multiple of CH2O

A

monosaccharides

24
Q

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities

A

nucleic acids

25
Q

the covalent bond between the carboxylic group on one amino acid and the amino group of another, formed by a dehydration reaction

A

peptide bond

26
Q

lipids made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; form bilayers that function as biological membranes

A

phospholipids

27
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

A

polymer

28
Q

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

A

polypeptide

29
Q

a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

A

polysaccharide

30
Q

the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

31
Q

a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

A

protein

32
Q

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides; characterized by a six-members ring fused to a five-membered ring (adenine and guanine)

A

purine

33
Q

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil)

A

pyrimidine

34
Q

the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide

A

quarternary structure

35
Q

a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses

A

RNA

36
Q

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

A

saturated fatty acid

37
Q

the localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone

A

secondary structure

38
Q

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

A

starch

39
Q

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached

A

steroid

40
Q

irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions or side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

A

tertiary structure

41
Q

an unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds

A

trans fat

42
Q

fatty acids possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

A

unsaturated fatty acids

43
Q

a technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-Ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule

A

X-Ray crystallography

44
Q

An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups; monomers of polypeptides

A

amino acid

AP Biology (31 decks)

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