Ch. 5 Vocab

Question 1

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its diners (disaccharides) of polymers (polysaccharides)

Answer 1

carbohydrates

Question 2

a chemical agent that increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 2

catalyst

Question 3

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

Answer 3

cellulose

Question 4

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

Answer 4

chaperonins

Question 5

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones

Answer 5

cholesterol

Question 6

a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction

Answer 6

condensation reaction

Question 7

a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Answer 7

dehydration synthesis

Question 8

in proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix; occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature

Answer 8

denaturation

Question 9

a double sugar consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis

Answer 9

disaccharide

Question 10

a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of the cysteine monomer

Answer 10

disulfide bridges

Question 11

a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins

Answer 11

DNA

Question 12

the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent anti parallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

Answer 12

double helix

Question 13

macromolecules serving as catalysts

Answer 13

enzymes

Question 14

a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; aka triacylglycerol or triglyceride

Answer 14

fat

Question 15

a long carbon chain carboxylic acid; vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds

Answer 15

fatty acid

Question 16

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

Answer 16

gene

Question 17

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

Answer 17

glycogen

Question 18

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Answer 18

glycosidic linkage

Question 19

a chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of waters functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers

Answer 19

hydrolysis

Question 20

one of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water

Answer 20

lipids

Question 21

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction

Answer 21

macromolecule

Question 22

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Answer 22

monomer

Question 23

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides; simple sugars whose molecular formula are generally some multiple of CH2O

Answer 23

monosaccharides

Question 24

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities

Answer 24

nucleic acids

Question 25

the covalent bond between the carboxylic group on one amino acid and the amino group of another, formed by a dehydration reaction

Answer 25

peptide bond

Question 26

lipids made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; form bilayers that function as biological membranes

Answer 26

phospholipids

Question 27

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

Answer 27

polymer

Question 28

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Answer 28

polypeptide

Question 29

a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

Answer 29

polysaccharide

Question 30

the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids

Answer 30

primary structure

Question 31

a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

Answer 31

protein

Question 32

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides; characterized by a six-members ring fused to a five-membered ring (adenine and guanine)

Answer 32

purine

Question 33

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil)

Answer 33

pyrimidine

Question 34

the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide

Answer 34

quarternary structure

Question 35

a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses

Answer 35

RNA

Question 36

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

Answer 36

saturated fatty acid

Question 37

the localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone

Answer 37

secondary structure

Question 38

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

Answer 38

starch

Question 39

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached

Answer 39

steroid

Question 40

irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions or side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

Answer 40

tertiary structure

Question 41

an unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds

Answer 41

trans fat

Question 42

fatty acids possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

Answer 42

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 43

a technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-Ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule

Answer 43

X-Ray crystallography

Question 44

An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups; monomers of polypeptides

Answer 44

amino acid