Ch. 3 &4 Vocab

Question 1

the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

Answer 1

cohesion

Question 2

the attraction between different kinds of molecules

Answer 2

adhesion

Question 3

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid; water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules

Answer 3

surface tension

Question 4

the movement of liquid along a surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid.

Answer 4

capillary action

Question 5

the energy associated with the relative motion of objects; moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter

Answer 5

kinetic energy

Question 6

the total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy; energy in its most random form

Answer 6

heat

Question 7

a measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules

Answer 7

temperature

Question 8

a temperature scale equal to 5/9(F-32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0 degrees celsius and the boiling point of water at 100 degrees celsius

Answer 8

celsius scale

Question 9

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree celsius; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree celsius

Answer 9

calorie

Question 10

a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius

Answer 10

kilocalorie

Question 11

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius

Answer 11

specific heat

Question 12

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

Answer 12

heat of vaporization

Question 13

the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state

Answer 13

evaporative cooling

Question 14

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Answer 14

solution

Question 15

the dissolving agent of a solution

Answer 15

solvent

Question 16

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

Answer 16

solute

Question 17

a solution in which water is the solvent

Answer 17

aqueous solution

Question 18

the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

Answer 18

hydration shell

Question 19

having an affinity for water

Answer 19

hydrophilic

Question 20

having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water

Answer 20

hydrophobic

Question 21

a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid

Answer 21

colloid

Question 22

the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight

Answer 22

molecular mass

Question 23

the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro’s number of molecules

Answer 23

mole

Question 24

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Answer 24

acid

Question 25

a substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution

Answer 25

buffer

Question 26

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Answer 26

base

Question 27

rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2

Answer 27

acid precipitation

Question 28

the study of carbon compounds (organic compounds)

Answer 28

organic chemistry

Question 29

an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

Answer 29

hydrocarbon

Question 30

one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Answer 30

structural isomer

Question 31

one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds

Answer 31

geometric isomer

Question 32

one of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties

Answer 32

isomer

Question 33

one of two compounds that are mirror images of each other

Answer 33

enantiomers

Question 34

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions

Answer 34

functional group

Question 35

an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

Answer 35

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 36

a molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule

Answer 36

polar molecule