Ch. 3 &4 Vocab Flashcards
the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds
cohesion
the attraction between different kinds of molecules
adhesion
a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid; water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules
surface tension
the movement of liquid along a surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid.
capillary action
the energy associated with the relative motion of objects; moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter
kinetic energy
the total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy; energy in its most random form
heat
a measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules
temperature
a temperature scale equal to 5/9(F-32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0 degrees celsius and the boiling point of water at 100 degrees celsius
celsius scale
the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree celsius; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree celsius
calorie
a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius
kilocalorie
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius
specific heat
the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
heat of vaporization
the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state
evaporative cooling
a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solution
the dissolving agent of a solution
solvent
a substance that is dissolved in a solution
solute
a solution in which water is the solvent
aqueous solution
the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion
hydration shell
having an affinity for water
hydrophilic
having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water
hydrophobic
a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid
colloid
the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight
molecular mass
the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro’s number of molecules
mole
a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
acid
a substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution
buffer
a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
base
rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2
acid precipitation
the study of carbon compounds (organic compounds)
organic chemistry
an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbon
one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
structural isomer
one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds
geometric isomer
one of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
isomer
one of two compounds that are mirror images of each other
enantiomers
a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions
functional group
an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
a molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule
polar molecule
