Ch. 3 &4 Vocab Flashcards
the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds
cohesion
the attraction between different kinds of molecules
adhesion
a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid; water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules
surface tension
the movement of liquid along a surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid.
capillary action
the energy associated with the relative motion of objects; moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter
kinetic energy
the total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy; energy in its most random form
heat
a measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules
temperature
a temperature scale equal to 5/9(F-32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0 degrees celsius and the boiling point of water at 100 degrees celsius
celsius scale
the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree celsius; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree celsius
calorie
a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius
kilocalorie
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius
specific heat
the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
heat of vaporization
the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state
evaporative cooling
a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solution
the dissolving agent of a solution
solvent
a substance that is dissolved in a solution
solute
a solution in which water is the solvent
aqueous solution
the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion
hydration shell
having an affinity for water
hydrophilic
having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water
hydrophobic
a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid
colloid
the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight
molecular mass
the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro’s number of molecules
mole
a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
acid
