Ch. 10 Vocab

Question 1

a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process

Answer 1

action spectrum

Question 2

an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms; use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic molecules

Answer 2

autotrophs

Question 3

In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf

Answer 3

bundle-sheath cells

Question 4

a plant that used the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate

Answer 4

C3 plant

Question 5

a plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle

Answer 5

C4 plant

Question 6

a green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants and algae in the membranes of certain prokaryotes

Answer 6

chlorophyll

Question 7

a photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy

Answer 7

chlorophyll a

Question 8

an accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

Answer 8

chlorophyll b

Question 9

a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2

Answer 9

cyclic electron flow

Question 10

the second of two major stages in photosynthesis involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate

Answer 10

Calvin cycle

Question 11

accessory pigments, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes; broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis by absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll can’t

Answer 11

carotenoids

Question 12

the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemiautotrophic prokaryote)

Answer 12

carbon fixation

Question 13

the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer

Answer 13

electromagnetic spectrum

Question 14

a stack of membrane-bound thylakoids in the chloroplast

Answer 14

grana

Question 15

organisms that obtain organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them

Answer 15

heterotrophs

Question 16

a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2

Answer 16

linear electron flow

Question 17

the first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle); occur on the thylakoids membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, converting solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process

Answer 17

light reactions

Question 18

in C4 plants, a type of loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface

Answer 18

mesophyll cells

Question 19

the ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis

Answer 19

mesophyll

Question 20

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; an electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions

Answer 20

NADP+

Question 21

a metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output

Answer 21

photorespiration

Question 22

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes

Answer 22

photosynthesis

Question 23

a light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes

Answer 23

photosystem

Question 24

one of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center

Answer 24

photosystem I

Question 25

one of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center

Answer 25

photosystem II

Question 26

the process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated across the membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 26

photophosphorylation

Question 27

quantums, or discrete quantities, of light energy that behave as if they were a particle

Answer 27

photons

Question 28

microscopic pores surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allow gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant

Answer 28

stomata

Question 29

the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane

Answer 29

stroma

Question 30

an instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution

Answer 30

spectrophotometer

Question 31

flattened membranous sacs inside a chloroplast; contain the “molecular machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy

Answer 31

thylakoids

Question 32

that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm

Answer 32

visible light

Question 33

the distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 33

wavelength

Question 34

in this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed

Answer 34

CAM pathway

Question 35

the range of a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths of light

Answer 35

absorption spectrum