Ch. 20 Vocab

Question 1

the manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products

Answer 1

biotechnology

Question 2

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Answer 2

genetic engineering

Question 3

a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome

Answer 3

plasmids

Question 4

the production of multiple copies of a gene

Answer 4

gene cloning

Question 5

an endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium

Answer 5

restriction enzymes

Question 6

a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme

Answer 6

restriction site

Question 7

a DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme

Answer 7

restriction fragments

Question 8

a single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment

Answer 8

sticky end

Question 9

a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of one DNA fragment to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment

Answer 9

DNA ligase

Question 10

in genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there

Answer 10

cloning vector

Question 11

a set of cell clones containing all the DNA segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector

Answer 11

genomic library

Question 12

a large plasmid that acts as a bacterial chromosome and can carry inserts of 100,000 to 300,000 base pairs

Answer 12

bacterial artificial chromosome

Question 13

a double-stranded DNA molecule made in vintro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase

Answer 13

complementary DNA (cDNA)

Question 14

a gene library containing clones that carry complementary DNA in sets

Answer 14

cDNA library

Question 15

a cloning vector that contains the requisite bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell

Answer 15

expression vector

Question 16

a cloning vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome with foreign DNA

Answer 16

yeast artificial chromosome

Question 17

a technique to introduce recombination DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells

Answer 17

electroporation

Question 18

a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

Answer 18

polymerase chain reaction

Question 19

a technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in gel

Answer 19

gel electrophoresis

Question 20

a technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of DNA

Answer 20

Southern blotting

Question 21

a technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of mRNA

Answer 21

Northern blotting

Question 22

a technique for determining expression of a particular gene

Answer 22

reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

Question 23

a technique used to detect the location of a specific mRNA using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe in an intact organism

Answer 23

in situ hybridization

Question 24

a technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene’s sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant

Answer 24

in vitro mutagenesis

Question 25

a method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time

Answer 25

DNA microarray assays

Question 26

a technique used to silence the expression of selected genes

Answer 26

RNA interference

Question 27

describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them

Answer 27

totipotent

Question 28

any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell that can undergo further differentiation

Answer 28

stem cell

Question 29

describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism

Answer 29

pluripotent

Question 30

a single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population

Answer 30

single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 31

a single nucleotide polymorphism that exists in the restriction site for a particular enzyme, thus making the site unrecognizable by that enzyme and changing the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestion with that enzyme

Answer 31

restriction fragment length polymorphism

Question 32

pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species

Answer 32

transgenic animal

Question 33

an individual’s unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR or, previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes

Answer 33

genetic profile

Question 34

simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides

Answer 34

short tandem repeats

Question 35

a plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into a chromosome of a host plant

Answer 35

Ti plasmid

Question 36

an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; aka transgenic organism

Answer 36

genetically modified organisms

Question 37

a DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

Answer 37

recombinant DNA