Ch. 20 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

the manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products

A

biotechnology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

A

genetic engineering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome

A

plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the production of multiple copies of a gene

A

gene cloning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

an endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium

A

restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme

A

restriction site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme

A

restriction fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment

A

sticky end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of one DNA fragment to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there

A

cloning vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a set of cell clones containing all the DNA segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector

A

genomic library

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a large plasmid that acts as a bacterial chromosome and can carry inserts of 100,000 to 300,000 base pairs

A

bacterial artificial chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a double-stranded DNA molecule made in vintro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase

A

complementary DNA (cDNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a gene library containing clones that carry complementary DNA in sets

A

cDNA library

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a cloning vector that contains the requisite bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell

A

expression vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a cloning vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome with foreign DNA

A

yeast artificial chromosome

17
Q

a technique to introduce recombination DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells

A

electroporation

18
Q

a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

A

polymerase chain reaction

19
Q

a technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in gel

A

gel electrophoresis

20
Q

a technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of DNA

A

Southern blotting

21
Q

a technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of mRNA

A

Northern blotting

22
Q

a technique for determining expression of a particular gene

A

reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

23
Q

a technique used to detect the location of a specific mRNA using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe in an intact organism

A

in situ hybridization

24
Q

a technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene’s sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant

A

in vitro mutagenesis

25
a method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time
DNA microarray assays
26
a technique used to silence the expression of selected genes
RNA interference
27
describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them
totipotent
28
any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell that can undergo further differentiation
stem cell
29
describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism
pluripotent
30
a single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population
single nucleotide polymorphism
31
a single nucleotide polymorphism that exists in the restriction site for a particular enzyme, thus making the site unrecognizable by that enzyme and changing the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestion with that enzyme
restriction fragment length polymorphism
32
pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species
transgenic animal
33
an individual's unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR or, previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes
genetic profile
34
simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides
short tandem repeats
35
a plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into a chromosome of a host plant
Ti plasmid
36
an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; aka transgenic organism
genetically modified organisms
37
a DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
recombinant DNA