Ch. 2 Lecs Flashcards
- Freud has nothing to do with clinical psych. He founded …
- term clinical psych didn’t emerge till …
psychoanalysis;
mid 1900s
clinical psych is a subfield of psych: psych started out as a … field and predominantly still is …
clinical psychologists do …, …, etc. Not all psychs can do
research;
research-based;
psychotherapy;
diagnose;
Freud along with many other early psychologists were …
- Freud is responsible for starting …
- all the early psychs would have been labeled … bc they all went to …
physicians (i.e. MDs);
psychiatry;
psychiatrists;
med school
(William Tuke)
- Died in 1822, from England
- observed deplorable conditions of … (i.e. …) –> tried to improve those conditions
- opened … - model for more …
insane asylums;
psychiatric hospitals;
York retreat;
humane treatment
(William Tuke)
- prior to this it was believed that mental illness was caused by … Thus, mentally ill people were not treated kindly
- Wasn’t until 1950s that … came out so psychiatric symptoms were more … and couldn’t be … Today’s meds help …
demonic possession; psychiatric meds; noticeable; controlled; quell symptoms
(Philipe Pinel)
- French
- Did to France what …
- patients were being treated like …/…
- convinced contemporaries that patients were not … and that these were people who needed …
Tuke did to England;
inmates/animals;
possessed;
treatment
(Philipe Pinel)
- advocated for his staff to do a … of the person, ongoing … (gave birth to what we do today - people do … today)
case study;
treatment notes;
case notes
(Eli Todd)
- … physician
- only 3 states then that had … bc most psychiatric patients lived with … and relied on them for care and support
- using … model he opened … in the US
Connecticut; psychiatric hospitals; families; Philipe Pinel's; humane treatment facilities
(Dorothea Dix)
- From …
- worked in … system
- observed that many inmates were actually … and that many mentally ill people were also …
Boston;
prison;
mentally ill;
homeless
(Dorothea Dix)
- These mentally ill inmates were not being …
- traveled to various cities to persuade politicians and leaders to build facilities for …
- her efforts resulted in over … for the mentally ill
- biggest contributor to …
treated;
humane treatment;
30 state institutions;
clinical psych
(How did clinical psych actually become clinical psych):
Named by …:
- started first … in US at … in 1896
Lightner Witmer;
psych clinic;
University of Pennsylvania
(How did clinical psych actually become clinical psych):
Named by Lightner Witmer:
- wasn’t very friendly. a bit belligerent, liked to argue, blunt to the point of being rude –> wasn’t liked by …, lashed out at …
- founded …
peers;
APA colleagues;
first clinical psych journal
(How did clinical psych actually become clinical psych):
Named by Lightner Witmer
- born in 1867, received … in 1892 under … (the …)
- back then psych was a field of …
doctorate;
Wilhelm Wundt;
father of psychology;
research
(How did clinical psych actually become clinical psych):
Named by Lightner Witmer
back then psych was a field of research
- measuring …, etc.
- wasn’t … as we know it today. … was not therapy and is not …
reaction times;
clinically practiced;
psychoanalysis;
clinical psych
(How did clinical psych actually become clinical psych):
Named by Lightner Witmer:
- by 1914, … clinics in US and by 1935, there were over …
- clinics started with … and with things like …
20;
150;
children;
speech impediments
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
- central to clinical psych is … of mental illness –> we currently do that through …
categorization;
DSM 5
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
central to clinical psych is categorization of mental illness
have to categorize bc there are different …
- … - break from …, …
mental illnesses;
psychosis;
reality; schizophrenia
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
have to categorize bc there are different mental illnesses:
- … - …, …, …
- psychosis and neurosis are terms that are no longer used
- in 1800s, these were the two broad categories
neurosis;
anxiety;
depression;
bipolar categories
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
… was pioneer of diagnosis:
- differentiated between disorders caused by … factors vs. … factors
Emil Kraepelin;
external;
internal
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
Emil Kraepelin was pioneer of diagnosis:
his terminology set the stage for …
- e.g. dementia praecox = …, manic-depressive psychosis = …
- throughout time these diagnoses …, take on different shapes/names bc more … is done on these disorders
DSM 5 diagnoses; schizophrenia; bipolar disorder; evolve; research
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
Emil Kraepelin was pioneer of diagnosis:
- he coined the term … which we now call … (…)
autistic personality;
ASD;
autism spectrum disorder
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
DSM originally came out in 1952 and back then was largely based on …/… premises on mental illness
- Most dramatic change we’ve ever had to DSM was in …
- DSM regularly updates
- DSM-IV-TR: TR is …
psychoanalysis/Freud’s;
1980s;
text revision
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
DSM:
- we switched from roman numerals to … so that we can do DSM 5.1, 5.2 etc
- most drastic change from … to … –> …., more …
arabic numerals;
DSM 2; DSM 3;
larger;
disorders
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
Most drastic change from DSM 2 to DSM 3
- larger, more disorders
- very …
- introduced …. –> used to diagnose along …, which the DSM 5 got rid of
specific criteria;
multi-axial system;
5 axes;
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues) most drastic change from dsm 2 to dsm 3 introduced multi-axial system - axis 1 - ... disorders - axis 2 - .../.../... - axis 3 - ... disorders
clinical;
personality/developmental/long-term;
medical disorders
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
Most drastic change from DSM 2 to DSM 3:
introduced multi-axial system:
- Axis 4 - … that can lead to exacerbation of the disorder (e.g. work stress, divorce, job loss, deaths, etc)
- Axis 5 - … scale (…), 0 - 100 level of how client is …
psychosocial stressors;
global assessment functioning; GAF;
functioning
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
axis 5 - global assessment functioning scale, 0 - 100 level of how client is functioning
- people who couldn’t function would have …
lower scores on GAF scale
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
As DSM evolves, … come out:
proposed criteria sets for future DSMs (not yet …):
- …
- … syndrome
- …
- …
more disorders; disorders; internet gaming disorder; attenuated (i.e. reduced) psychosis syndrome; persistent complex bereavement; nonsuicidal self-injury
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
Proposed criteria sets for future DSMs:
internet gaming disorder - people addicted to …/…
- some people freak out about phone batteries dying
- disorders happen with 4 Ds - distress, danger, dysfunction, deviance
- people preoccupied with … and are constantly … such that it’s out of control
technology/internet;
internet gaming;
gaming
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
internet gaming disorder: people preoccupied with internet gaming and are constantly gaming such that it’s out of control:
- …. when not gaming
- can cause … problems - partner feeling … (occurs with internet porn, as well - causes problems with … life, as well)
withdrawal;
relationship;
neglected;
sexual
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
attenuated (i.e. reduced) psychosis syndrome:
- not full on … - a more reduced sense of that
- …/… psychosis
schizophrenia;
mild/brief
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
attenuated (i.e. reduced) psychosis syndrome:
- mild/brief psychosis –> …, … that are not fully …, more reduced
- not as severe as … but similar to it
hallucinations;
delusions; florid;
schizophrenia
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
persistent complex bereavement:
- some people are unable to get back to life
- severe grief for at least …
- grieving is ongoing process throughout life but it is more … and … at the beginning - over time should move on
one year;
shocking; sadder
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
persistent complex bereavement:
- some people can’t … for 12 months due to … –> could be due to …, due to …, etc
function;
grief;
guilt;
unresolved issues
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
persistent complex bereavement:
- at least … for children –> children typically …
- months;
don’t grieve that long
(evolution of assessment - diagnostic issues)
nonsuicidal self-injury:
- self-injury without the intention to … (e.g. cutting, burning, scratching, etc) for … or more days in a one-year period
- cutting oneself releases … People emotionally hurting, that they cut themselves and it feels … to them
- can be caused by …, …, …
kill oneself; 5; adrenaline; good; depression; anxiety; abuse
(evolution of assessment) can assess … - one of the first forms of assessment that came out. But, this concept isn’t a real thing - it’s determined by the test we take to determine it
- early debased focused on …
intelligence;
what intelligence is
(evolution of assessment)
early debased focused on what intelligence is:
- is there … (…)
- are there … (…)
general intelligence; “g”;
specific intelligences; “s”
(evolution of assessment)
… came up with … in 1905 (related to intelligence testing)
Alfred Binet;
IQ;
(evolution of assessment)
Alfred Binet came up with IQ in 1905:
- endorsed concept of a … and yielded the IQ
- revised in 1937 by … and was called the … which is still widely used
general intelligence;
Turman;
Stanford-Binet intelligence scale
(evolution of assessment)
Alfred Binet came up with IQ in 1905:
- originally used for … But David … designed one for …, as well as for children. Used more over Binet today
children;
Wechsler;
adults;
(evolution of assessment)
Alfred Binet came up with IQ in 1905:
- part of controversy of these tests is that they were written so long ago that they weren’t …
culturally sensitive
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
projective tests:
- based on assumption that clients project their personality on …
- … method or … test
ambiguous stimuli;
Rorscharch inkblot method;
thematic apperception
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
projective tests - Rorschach:
- ten … - 5 in …, 5 in …/…, all …
inkblots;
color;
black/white;
symmetrical
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
projective tests - Rorschach:
ten inkblots:
- nothing that makes sense that are in there, they don’t … It’s what the client sees
- Therapist would ask what that image …
- seeing bodily structures would relate to … things, maybe being …, esp with children
represent anything;
means to the client;
sexual;
abused
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
projective tests - Rorschach:
- trick is to find … in responses after going through all 10 bc that is where they’re projecting their personality
~
thematic apperception test - …
patterns;
interpersonal ambiguous stimuli
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
projective tests - thematic apperception test
- would show client … at a time
- it’s important to note when a client sees something …
- not only looking at …, but also looking for …, as well
one picture;
repetitively;
pattern;
inconsistencies;
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
objective tests - more …
- no … behind projective tests - can’t … what client says, interpretation is based on …
scientifically sound;
science;
scientifically validate;
clinical judgment
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
objective tests
- scoring and interpretation are very … for these - no … needed
- most common is … (….)
straight forward;
interpretation;
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory; MMPI
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
objective tests:
Most common is MMPI:
first came out in 1943, consists of 550 … or … statements:
- … of responses are compared to a …
true/false;
cannot say;
patterns;
standardized sample of responses
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
objective tests - MMPI:
- even with these objective tests, … are very important
- back in 1943, was standardized based on … between ages of … and … - very outdated
patterns;
white heterosexual males;
18; 35
(evolution of assessment - assessment of personality)
- back in 1943, was standardized based on white heterosexual males between ages of 18 and 35 - very outdated
- was revised in 1989, … and …, account for … factors
- mmpi-a for …
restandardized;
modernized;
multicultural;
adolescents
(evolution of psychotherapy)
- … is most common activity of clinical psychologists today
- rise in … after ww2 requiring treatment –> increased demand for … and then it took off
psychotherapy;
PTSD;
psychotherapy
(evolution of psychotherapy)
rise in PTSD after ww2 requiring treatment
- increased demand for psychotherapy and then it took off
- different … came out and many psychologists became …
schools of therapy;
therapists
(evolution of psychotherapy)
- … was most common form of psychotherapy initially but in 1950s, other approaches arose: …, …., …
Freudian psychoanalysis;
behaviorism;
humanism;
family therapy
(evolution of psychotherapy)
- relatively young field
- … came out recently –> looking at how … and … are intertwined, most endorsed, model that many therapists are trained on now
cognitive behavioral therapy;
thoughts; behaviors;
(evolution of psychotherapy)
therapy approaches proliferated (i.e more came out) in 50s, 60s, 70s:
- more … entered the field. Field is now … dominated
- psych started as a … science - all the people in the field were initially …
minorities;
female;
Jewish;
Jewish
(evolution of psychotherapy)
Psych started as a Jewish science - all the people in the field initially were Jewish
- hitler burned psych books and Freud retorted with “…”
- then … came out in 1970s bc many psychologists didn’t want to do …
at least he didn’t burn me;
psy. d;
research
(evolution of psychotherapy)
psychotherapy took off in …
- now … dictates pay
- back in 80s, therapists would … and then ….
1980s;
insurance;
set their rate;
insurance would pay it
(evolution of psychotherapy)
psychotherapy took off in 1980s:
back in 80s, therapists would set their rate and then insurance would pay it
- now insurance has … - there really is no negotiation though
- increased respect from … –> psychological conditions are …
- number of … increased
“negotiated” rates;
medical community
medical conditions;
training programs
(evolution of psychotherapy)
… and … of field continues to expand in 90s and 2000s:
- more … (i.e. …) for clinical techniques
- some psychologists in some states have … even though they don’t have MDs
size; scope;
empirical support; scientific research;
prescription privileges
