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Medical Assistant > Cardiovascular Symptoms and Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Symptoms and Diseases Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

anasarca

A

generalized massive edema

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2
Q

angina

A

spasmodic, choking, or suffocative pain. most often used in regard to chest pain

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3
Q

bruit

A

(brew-ee) higher pitched sound heard over the arteries on auscultation

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4
Q

diaphoresis

A

perspiration

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5
Q

ecchymosis

A

small, hemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia. In the skin or mucous membrane that forms a discolored patch. Non-elevated.

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6
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

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7
Q

hematoma

A

bruise.

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8
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

elevated lipids in blood. can be subcategorized into conditions like hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia

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9
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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10
Q

hypotension

A

abnormally low BP.

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11
Q

hypoxemia

A

low blood O2 levels

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12
Q

orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing, except in upright position.

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13
Q

palpitation

A

subjective sensation of a rapid or irregular heartbeat

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14
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

being awoken at night by episodic painful or difficult breathing, often relieved by sitting up. usually aa result of elevated pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary edema

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15
Q

rale

A

abnormal, discontinuous, nonmusical sound heard on auscultation. usually indicative of lung disease, congestion, or bronchospasm, but also heart filure

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16
Q

rhonchus

A

continuous dry rattling in the throat or bronchial tube, usually due to obstruction

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17
Q

syncope

A

temporary suspension of consciousness. Fainting

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18
Q

thrill

A

sensation of vibration felt by the examiner on palpation of the body or on auscultation. Especially over the heart because of a large cardiac murmur

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19
Q

anemia

A

reduction in number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter in the hemoglobun or packed RBC.

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20
Q

anemia of chronic disease

A

mild to moderate anemia secondary to any chronic disease lasting more than two months. Infections, inflammatory conditions, malignancies

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21
Q

aplastic anemia

A

diverse group of anemias characterized by bone marrow failure with reduction of hematopoietic cells.

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22
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

group of acute and chronic anemias characterized by excessive hemolysis and inability of bone marrow to keep up

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23
Q

hypochromic anemia

A

characterized by a disproportionate reduction of RBC hemoglobin and increased areas of central pallow in the red cells

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24
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

type of hypochromic microcytic anemia caused by low or absent iron stores and serum iron concentration

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25
Q

macrocytic anemia

A

various anemias of diverse etiologies that are characterized by macrocytes (larger than normal RBCs) lacking the cental area of pallor

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26
Q

normochromic anemia

A

anemia in which the hemoglobin content of the RBC measured by the MCHC (mean cell hemoglobin concentration) is in the normal range

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27
Q

normocytic anemia

A

anemia with erythrocytes of normal size by a proportionate decrease in hemoglobin content, packed RBC volume, and number of RBC her cubic millimeter of blood

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28
Q

pernicious anemia

A

megaloblastic anemia usually seen in older adults caused by impaired intestinal absorption of B122 do to lack of availability of intrinsic factor

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29
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hereditary hemolytic anemia seen primarily in West Africa/WA descent. Autosomal recessive disorder where the mutation of the gene encoding the B-globin chain results in hemoglobin S, which has decreased solubility in the deoxygenated state and results in abnormal sickle-chaped RBC

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30
Q

sideroblastic anemia

A

heterogeneous group of acquired and hereditary anemias with diverse clinical manifestations. Characterized by a large number of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow, ineffective erythropoiesis, variable proportions of hypochromic RBC in the peripheral blood, and increased iron levels in tissue

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31
Q

aneurysm

A

sac formed by the dilation of the wall of an artery, vein, or the heart. Filled with fluid or clotted blood, and often results in a pulsating tumor. Most common is abdominal aorta

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32
Q

arrhythmia

A

any variation from the normal heart rhythm

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33
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

characterized by megaloblasts in the bone marrow, like pernicious anemia

34
Q

microcytic anemia

A

characterized by smaller than normal RBC’s, like iron deficiency anemia

35
Q

arterioclerosis

A

generic term for diseases where the arterial wall becomes thickened and loses elasticity

36
Q

atherosclerosis

A

disease in which a yellowish plaque comprised of cholesterol and other lipids is formed within the arteries

37
Q

arteritis

A

inflammation of an artery

38
Q

blood dyscrasias

A

pathologic condition of the blood referring to the disorders of the cellular elements of the blood

39
Q

bradyarrhythmia

A

any disturbance of the heart rhythm in which the heart rate slows (typially below 60 BPM)

40
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heartbeat (<60 BPM) essentially the same as bradyarrhythmia

41
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

coninical syndrome that reflects a fundamental abnormality in the heart performance. Results in insufficient cardiac output. Caused by obesity, anemia, heart disease, and thyroid disorders..

42
Q

cor pulmonale

A

reght ventricular enlargement secondary to malformation of the lungs producing pulmonary hypertension

43
Q

coronary artery disease

A

Any disease of the coronary arteries, but most often due to atherosclerosis in the large and medium-sized arteries of the heart. The major complication of coronary artery disease is myocardial infarction (heart attack) that is responsible for 35% of the deaths in men ages 35–50.

44
Q

deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

A

Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus, which is an aggregation of blood factors (platelets and fibrin)

45
Q

dextrocardia

A

positioning of the heart on the right side of the thorax rather than the left.

46
Q

embolism

A

sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign meterial

47
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocardium. usually involving one or more heart valves.

48
Q

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)

A

infective endocarditis that may be triggered or intensified by bacteria during dental procedures. Patients with a history of heart disease or rheumatic fever may be given antibiotics prior to dental treatment for SBE prophylaxis..

49
Q

fibrillation

A

twitching of the cardiac muscle that is not in sustained rhythm, is faster than normal, and is not effective. Ventricular fibrillation = much more deadly than atrial fibrillation

50
Q

fistula

A

An abnormal passage or communication between two internal organs. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a communication between an artery and a vein during which blood flows into the neighboring vessel. It is also a surgically created connection that provides a site for the tube used in hemodialysis.

51
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

A generalized term for primary noninflammatory disease of the heart muscle (myocardium), often of unknown etiology because ischemic, hypertensive, congenital, valvular, and pericardial disease have all been ruled out.

52
Q

hemophilia

A

congenital disease. Improper blood clotting including abnormal blood flow and bleeding from the mouth

53
Q

hemorrhage

A

profuse bleeding

54
Q

ischemia

A

lack of blood in a body part. dur to obstruction or vessel constriction

55
Q

leukemia

A

progressive cancerous disease of the blood-forming tissues, distorting the development of leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow.

56
Q

leukocytosis

A

temporary WBC increase due to infection, fever, hemorrhage, inflammation.

57
Q

lymphedema

A

Secondary to lymph disorders. Chronic swelling on either one or both sides of bosy

58
Q

mitral stenosis

A

narrowing of mitral opening causing blood flow obstruction from the left atrium to left ventricle

59
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

bulging of one/both of the mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during contraction. Causes a sharp systolic or clicking sound and late regurgitation murmur.

60
Q

mononucleosis

A

large number of mononuclear leukocytes in the blood

61
Q

murmur

A

sound heard on auscultation of the heart or blood vessels that can be benign or pathologic. Graded by intensity with 1 being barely audible and 6 which can be heard without a stethescope

62
Q

ejection murmur

A

caused by turbulent blood flow through narrowed or irregular valves

63
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

regurgitation or shunts in to chambers which have a lower resistance

64
Q

diastolic murmurs

A

caused by stenosis of mitral or tricuspid valve, or regurgitation of the aortic or pulmonary valves.

65
Q

continuous murmur

A

caused by constant shunt flow throughout entire “beat”. Can be caused by several things like congenital defects, fistulas, or stenoses

66
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

heart attack

67
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart

68
Q

patent ductus ateriosus

A

most common congenital cardiac anomaly, often secondary to maternal rubella infection. Failure of the communication between the pulmonary artery and the aorta to close in a fetus.

69
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

opening in the septum that normally separates the atria. caused by the failure of the fetal opening to ever close

70
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium. Can be caused by bacterial/fungal/viral infection, complication of MI, or surgery.

71
Q

petechia

A

round, pinpoint, purplish-red spot caused by intradermal submucous hemorrhage

72
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

all layers of the heart are inflamed following rheumatic fever

73
Q

shock

A

State where blood flow to and perfusion of peripheral tissues is inadequate due to insufficient cardiac output or maldistribution of blood flow. Types: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vasodilatory. Can cause organ damage, irreversible cell damage, and death

74
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

immediate hypersensitivity to a substance.

75
Q

septic shock

A

associated with an overwhelming infection

76
Q

tachyarrhythmia

A

where heart rate is abnormally high (>100BPM in adults)

77
Q

tachycardia

A

where heart rate is abnormally high (>100BPM in adults)

78
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

(Fuh-LOW) Abnormality manifested by severe/total right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Causes unoxygenated blood from right ventricle to go into the aorta. Happens in infants

79
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation

80
Q

sick sinus syndrome

A

applied to a variety of abnormalities of sinus node function

81
Q

varicose veins

A

unnaturally and permanently distended veins

82
Q

Raynaud Disease

A

vascular disease characterized by intermittent bilateral attacks to the fingers and toes, and sometimes ears. marked by extreme pallor or cyanosis of the skin

Medical Assistant (39 decks)

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