Cardiovascular Symptoms and Diseases Flashcards
anasarca
generalized massive edema
angina
spasmodic, choking, or suffocative pain. most often used in regard to chest pain
bruit
(brew-ee) higher pitched sound heard over the arteries on auscultation
diaphoresis
perspiration
ecchymosis
small, hemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia. In the skin or mucous membrane that forms a discolored patch. Non-elevated.
epistaxis
nosebleed
hematoma
bruise.
hyperlipidemia
elevated lipids in blood. can be subcategorized into conditions like hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia
hypertension
high blood pressure
hypotension
abnormally low BP.
hypoxemia
low blood O2 levels
orthopnea
difficulty breathing, except in upright position.
palpitation
subjective sensation of a rapid or irregular heartbeat
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
being awoken at night by episodic painful or difficult breathing, often relieved by sitting up. usually aa result of elevated pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary edema
rale
abnormal, discontinuous, nonmusical sound heard on auscultation. usually indicative of lung disease, congestion, or bronchospasm, but also heart filure
rhonchus
continuous dry rattling in the throat or bronchial tube, usually due to obstruction
syncope
temporary suspension of consciousness. Fainting
thrill
sensation of vibration felt by the examiner on palpation of the body or on auscultation. Especially over the heart because of a large cardiac murmur
anemia
reduction in number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter in the hemoglobun or packed RBC.
anemia of chronic disease
mild to moderate anemia secondary to any chronic disease lasting more than two months. Infections, inflammatory conditions, malignancies
aplastic anemia
diverse group of anemias characterized by bone marrow failure with reduction of hematopoietic cells.
hemolytic anemia
group of acute and chronic anemias characterized by excessive hemolysis and inability of bone marrow to keep up
hypochromic anemia
characterized by a disproportionate reduction of RBC hemoglobin and increased areas of central pallow in the red cells
iron deficiency anemia
type of hypochromic microcytic anemia caused by low or absent iron stores and serum iron concentration
macrocytic anemia
various anemias of diverse etiologies that are characterized by macrocytes (larger than normal RBCs) lacking the cental area of pallor
normochromic anemia
anemia in which the hemoglobin content of the RBC measured by the MCHC (mean cell hemoglobin concentration) is in the normal range
normocytic anemia
anemia with erythrocytes of normal size by a proportionate decrease in hemoglobin content, packed RBC volume, and number of RBC her cubic millimeter of blood
pernicious anemia
megaloblastic anemia usually seen in older adults caused by impaired intestinal absorption of B122 do to lack of availability of intrinsic factor
sickle cell anemia
hereditary hemolytic anemia seen primarily in West Africa/WA descent. Autosomal recessive disorder where the mutation of the gene encoding the B-globin chain results in hemoglobin S, which has decreased solubility in the deoxygenated state and results in abnormal sickle-chaped RBC
sideroblastic anemia
heterogeneous group of acquired and hereditary anemias with diverse clinical manifestations. Characterized by a large number of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow, ineffective erythropoiesis, variable proportions of hypochromic RBC in the peripheral blood, and increased iron levels in tissue
aneurysm
sac formed by the dilation of the wall of an artery, vein, or the heart. Filled with fluid or clotted blood, and often results in a pulsating tumor. Most common is abdominal aorta
arrhythmia
any variation from the normal heart rhythm
megaloblastic anemia
characterized by megaloblasts in the bone marrow, like pernicious anemia
microcytic anemia
characterized by smaller than normal RBC’s, like iron deficiency anemia
arterioclerosis
generic term for diseases where the arterial wall becomes thickened and loses elasticity
atherosclerosis
disease in which a yellowish plaque comprised of cholesterol and other lipids is formed within the arteries
arteritis
inflammation of an artery
blood dyscrasias
pathologic condition of the blood referring to the disorders of the cellular elements of the blood
bradyarrhythmia
any disturbance of the heart rhythm in which the heart rate slows (typially below 60 BPM)
bradycardia
slow heartbeat (<60 BPM) essentially the same as bradyarrhythmia
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
coninical syndrome that reflects a fundamental abnormality in the heart performance. Results in insufficient cardiac output. Caused by obesity, anemia, heart disease, and thyroid disorders..
cor pulmonale
reght ventricular enlargement secondary to malformation of the lungs producing pulmonary hypertension
coronary artery disease
Any disease of the coronary arteries, but most often due to atherosclerosis in the large and medium-sized arteries of the heart. The major complication of coronary artery disease is myocardial infarction (heart attack) that is responsible for 35% of the deaths in men ages 35–50.
deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus, which is an aggregation of blood factors (platelets and fibrin)
dextrocardia
positioning of the heart on the right side of the thorax rather than the left.
embolism
sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign meterial
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium. usually involving one or more heart valves.
Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)
infective endocarditis that may be triggered or intensified by bacteria during dental procedures. Patients with a history of heart disease or rheumatic fever may be given antibiotics prior to dental treatment for SBE prophylaxis..
fibrillation
twitching of the cardiac muscle that is not in sustained rhythm, is faster than normal, and is not effective. Ventricular fibrillation = much more deadly than atrial fibrillation
fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between two internal organs. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a communication between an artery and a vein during which blood flows into the neighboring vessel. It is also a surgically created connection that provides a site for the tube used in hemodialysis.
cardiomyopathy
A generalized term for primary noninflammatory disease of the heart muscle (myocardium), often of unknown etiology because ischemic, hypertensive, congenital, valvular, and pericardial disease have all been ruled out.
hemophilia
congenital disease. Improper blood clotting including abnormal blood flow and bleeding from the mouth
hemorrhage
profuse bleeding
ischemia
lack of blood in a body part. dur to obstruction or vessel constriction
leukemia
progressive cancerous disease of the blood-forming tissues, distorting the development of leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow.
leukocytosis
temporary WBC increase due to infection, fever, hemorrhage, inflammation.
lymphedema
Secondary to lymph disorders. Chronic swelling on either one or both sides of bosy
mitral stenosis
narrowing of mitral opening causing blood flow obstruction from the left atrium to left ventricle
mitral valve prolapse
bulging of one/both of the mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during contraction. Causes a sharp systolic or clicking sound and late regurgitation murmur.
mononucleosis
large number of mononuclear leukocytes in the blood
murmur
sound heard on auscultation of the heart or blood vessels that can be benign or pathologic. Graded by intensity with 1 being barely audible and 6 which can be heard without a stethescope
ejection murmur
caused by turbulent blood flow through narrowed or irregular valves
holosystolic murmur
regurgitation or shunts in to chambers which have a lower resistance
diastolic murmurs
caused by stenosis of mitral or tricuspid valve, or regurgitation of the aortic or pulmonary valves.
continuous murmur
caused by constant shunt flow throughout entire “beat”. Can be caused by several things like congenital defects, fistulas, or stenoses
myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack
myocarditis
inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart
patent ductus ateriosus
most common congenital cardiac anomaly, often secondary to maternal rubella infection. Failure of the communication between the pulmonary artery and the aorta to close in a fetus.
patent foramen ovale
opening in the septum that normally separates the atria. caused by the failure of the fetal opening to ever close
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium. Can be caused by bacterial/fungal/viral infection, complication of MI, or surgery.
petechia
round, pinpoint, purplish-red spot caused by intradermal submucous hemorrhage
rheumatic heart disease
all layers of the heart are inflamed following rheumatic fever
shock
State where blood flow to and perfusion of peripheral tissues is inadequate due to insufficient cardiac output or maldistribution of blood flow. Types: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vasodilatory. Can cause organ damage, irreversible cell damage, and death
anaphylactic shock
immediate hypersensitivity to a substance.
septic shock
associated with an overwhelming infection
tachyarrhythmia
where heart rate is abnormally high (>100BPM in adults)
tachycardia
where heart rate is abnormally high (>100BPM in adults)
tetralogy of Fallot
(Fuh-LOW) Abnormality manifested by severe/total right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Causes unoxygenated blood from right ventricle to go into the aorta. Happens in infants
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation
sick sinus syndrome
applied to a variety of abnormalities of sinus node function
varicose veins
unnaturally and permanently distended veins
Raynaud Disease
vascular disease characterized by intermittent bilateral attacks to the fingers and toes, and sometimes ears. marked by extreme pallor or cyanosis of the skin
