Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
What are possible fates of a plaque?
1) narrowing of vessel
2) plaque ulceration
3) intraplaque hemorrhage
4) peripheral emboli
5) wall weakening
What proportion of deaths are CV related?
25%
What are risk factors of CV disease?
1) age, f/h
2) diabetes
3) dyslipidemia, HTN
4) BMI > 25
5) physical inactivity
6) Tobacco use
At 55yo, how much longer can a pt with optimal risk factor profile expect to live?
14 years
Who has higher risk for CV dz – men or women?
men
Target range for cholesterol
< 180 mg/dL
Target range for fasting glucose?
< 100 mg/dL
Target range for BMI
< 25
Target range for physical activity
> 150 min/wk
What is defined as 1 serving of whole grains?
16 g = 1 oz
How many servings of whole grain per day has been shown to reduce risk for CV dz?
2.5 servings/day
What are the recommended servings for whole grain?
women: 2-3
men: 4
What are examples of whole grains?
amaranth, barley, buckwheat, corn, oat, quinoa
What nutrients are found in whole grains?
fiber, folic acid, Mg, vit E
What are sources of omega-3 fatty acids?
1) flax
2) soy/tofu
3) fatty fish
4) walnuts
What are benefits of omega-3 fatty acids?
anti-clotting anti-arrhythmic anti-inflammatory -TGs -BP
What nutrients are found in flax seed?
Mg, K, minerals,
& soluble fiber
Benefits of soluble fiber
-lipids
+laxation
What is the best source of alpha-linoleic acid?
flax seed (1 tsp = 600mg)
How much vinegar should be added to high glycemic-index foods?
1 tbsp
Benefits of adding vinegar to high glycemic-index foods?
-post-prandial glucose by 25%
+satiety (2*)
superior nutrient-calorie ratio when added to cruciferous greens
What are the recommendations for fish in pt without CVD?
fish 2 x/week
What are the recommendations for fish in patient with CVD?
0.5 - 1.8 g/day
What the recommendations for fish in patient with high TGs?
2-4 g/day
What fish are sources of EPA & DHA?
tuna, mackerel, herring, anchovies, sardines
Benefits of garlic, onions, & leeks?
- LDL, -TG, -TC, -BP
- thromboses, -free radicals
How much garlic is required to decrease FA synthesis by 10%?
0.5 - 1 clove/day
What compound is found in red wine?
resveratrol – a polyphenol
What are the apparent benefits of resveratrol?
-LDL, -platelet activity, -thrombosis, -free radicals
What foods are sources of resveratrol?
red wine, grapes, peanuts
What is the recommendation for wine per day?
men: 1-2 glasses/day
women: 3 x/wk
Disadvantages of the DASH diet?
- < 22% of patients adherent
- - complicated
What is the recommended amount of sodium in the DASH diet?
1000 - 2300 mg/day
What the requirements of the dash diet?
1) 1000 - 2300 mg Na/day
2) -weight
3) -EtOH
4) +K
What is the recommended amount of cholesterol according to the National Cholesterol Education Panel Step 1 Diet?
< 300 mg/day
What are the 2 sources of cholesterol?
1) dietary
2) liver
What are good sources of cholesterol?
mono- and poly-unsaturated fats
What are sources of mono-unsaturated fats?
nuts, avocados, whole grain wheat, olive oil, popcorn, eggs
What are sources of polyunsaturated fats?
soy, fish, peanuts, grains
What is an omega egg?
An egg with increased amount of omega-3 FAs.
What compound is found in chocolate?
flavanols
What are sources of flavanols?
Chocolate
Green & black teas
What are the benefits of flavanols?
1) -BP in HTN pts by +NO formation
