3_2Eye Flashcards
What eye conditions are commonly in infants/children?
1) stabismus, 2) refractive error 3) amblyopia 4) conjunctivitis
What is strabismus?
double vision where the brain ignores the turned eye and the turned eye has permanent poor vision
What are treatments for strabismus?
glasses, muscle surgery, vision therapy exercises
What problems are types of uncorrected refractive error?
1) hyperopia, 2) myopia, 3) astigmatism
What is hyperopia?
farsightedness
Which refractive error can be compensated by focusing in children?
hyperopia
What is myopia?
nearsightedness, where the lens is too strong and light falls before the retina
You are near/far-sighted?
nearsighted
What is astimatism?
condition in which the lens doesn’t focus horizontal and vertical lines equally
What are 2 commonly-mistaken points of refractive error treatment?
1) eye exercise regimens will not cure! 2) wearing glasses doesn’t put you in a reliance cycle!
What is amblyopia?
a poor neural connection to the vision centers in the brain
What are causes of amblyopia?
strabismus, refractive error difference, or idiopathic
How is amblyopia treated?
patching (physical or atropine) in children < 8 (neural connection set beyond 8 yo)
How can amblyopia be detected?
only via OD/MD exam
What are the forms of conjunctivitis?
1) bacterial, 2) viral, 3) allergenic
What is the most contagious form of conjunctivitis?
viral
How is conjunctivitis treated?
antibiotic, antihistamine, antibiotic/steroid combo
Who needs an OD/MD exam for conjunctivitis?
1) contact-wearers (corneal ulcer), 2) those who are suddenly photophobic (inflammation inside eye)
What are common eye issues in teens?
1) contact lenses, 2) allergies
When should a child see an OD/MD?
1) before age 1, 2) before starting school, 3) every 2 years after starting school, 4) if eye problems (HA, squinting, avoiding reading)
What are well-baby exams?
exams that don’t provide adequate eye-condition screening
How often should contact lens cases be changed?
every 3 months
What are the classes of OTC anti-allergy eye drops?
1) short-acting antihistamine, 2) vasoconstrictor/redness reliever, 3) mast cell stabilizers
What are examples of mast-cell stabilizers?
ketotifen, olopatadine
What OTC anti-allergy drops should not be used?
vasoconstrictors (you get addicted)
How often should teenagers have eye exams?
every 2 years routine; every 1 year if contacts
How often should 40 year olds have eye exams?
every 1-2 years
What is presbyopia?
lens loses flexibility for loss of focusing ability
How is presbyopia treated?
reading glasses, bifocals, bifocal contact lenses
Who notices vision changes earlier – hyper or myopes?
hyperopes
What temporary symptoms can computers and associated eyestrain cause?
blurry vision, dry eye, HA
What permanent issues can computers/eyestrain cause?
none
What are strategies to reduce eyestrain with computers?
1) OD/MD computer glasses or vision therapy 2) visual break q15m 3) top of monitor 10 degrees below eye level, 4) control glare 5) use full-spectrum (incandescent) light source, 6) artificial tears before and after 7) humidifier during the winter
How often should 50 year olds be getting eye exams?
annually
What are symptoms of dry-eye?
eye discomfort, eye watering, fluctuating vision
What are non-pharm treatments for dry eye?
1) artificial tears, 2) air humidifier, 3) OTC flax seed oil, omega-3, omega-6
What is the rx for dry eye?
restasis
What are risk factors for flashes and floaters?
myopes, history of retinal tear, f/h
What are symptoms of a torn retina?
distinct lightning flashes, lots of floaters, black curtain
What causes floaters/flashers?
aging causes vitreous protein clumping, which casts shadows on the retina. Vitreous starts to detach in middle age
How does eyesight vary with fluctuations in blood sugar?
become myopic during increased BS
What are conditions in diabetic eye disease?
cataracts, bleeding/edema, retinal detachment, painful blind eyes
What is the most common form of glaucoma?
open-angle
What is the rare, severe form of glaucoma?
angle-closure
What are the symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma?
halos around lights and severe eye pain
What are the risk factors for glaucoma?
age, ethnicity, f/h, smoking, eye trauma
What are the treatments for glaucoma?
1) medicated eye drops/pills 2) laser surgery 3) tube instillation 4) Rx
What Rx therapies are used for glaucoma?
1) CA inhibitors, 2) beta-blockers, 3) alpha2 agonists, 4) PG analogs, 5) pilocarpine
Which Rx therapies for glaucoma function at the ciliary body to decrease inflow?
CA inhibitors and beta-blockers
What Rx therapies for glaucoma function to increase uveoscleral outflow?
alpha-2 agonists and PG analogs
What Rx therapies for glaucoma function to increase trabecular outflow?
pilocarpine
What is the drug of choice for glaucoma?
PG analogs
What are examples of PG analogs?
bimatoprost, latanoprost, travoprost
What is the cap color for PG analogs?
teal
What is the cap color for CA inhibitors?
orange
What is the cap color for beta-blockers?
yellow or blue
What is the cap color for alpha-2 agonists?
purple
What are examples of CA inhibitors?
end in zolamide
What allergy should be screened if CA-I’s are prescribed?
sulfa
What are examples of beta-blockers for glaucoma?
timolol, betaxolol
Patients who get glaucoma beta-blockers should not have?
heart/lung problems
Which beta-blocker is non-selective?
timolol
What are alpha-2 agnoists?
brimonidine (alphagan P)
Describe glaucoma?
neuronal death leads to irreversible vision loss
What factors can cause earlier development of cataracts?
diabetes, steroid, trauma, UV
