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Drew 923 > 3_7Vitamins > Flashcards

3_7Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the forms of Vitamin A?

A

retinol and beta-carotene

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2
Q

How are retinol and beta-carotene related?

A

beta-carotene is precursor to retinol

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3
Q

Where is retinol found?

A

animal products (dairy, liver, fish oils, egg yolk

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4
Q

Where is beta-carotene found?

A

bright veggies/fruits, grean leafy veggies

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5
Q

What is the RDA of Vitamin A?

A

700 mcg RAE/day for women; 900 mcg RAE/day for men

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6
Q

How many RAE’s is 1 IU retinol

A

0.3

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7
Q

How many IU’s of beta-carotene equal 1 IU retinol (using RAEs)?

A

2 IU b-c from food; 6 IU b-c from supplementation

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8
Q

What is the UL of Vitamin A?

A

3000 mcg RAE/day

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9
Q

What is March of Dimes’ recommendation on the UL of Vitamin A?

A

less than 5000 IU retinol/day for pregnant patients; no limit on beta-carotene

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10
Q

What are the effects of too much retinol in pregnant patients?

A

cleft palate, heart defects, hydrocephalus

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11
Q

What is Vitamin A used for?

A

1) musculoskeletal growth, 2) tooth development, 3) vision development, 4) immune function

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?

A

1) xerophthalmia and poor night vision, 2) decreased immune function, 3) slowed growth

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13
Q

What deficiency may also be present with Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Zn since it’s required for RBP

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14
Q

What is the RDA of Vitamin D?

A

600 IU/day; if 70+ then 800 IU/day

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15
Q

What is the UL of Vitamin D?

A

4000 IU

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16
Q

What is the mcg to IU conversion for Vitamin D?

A

100 IU = 2.5 mcg

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17
Q

What blood concentration of Vitamin D = toxicity?

A

greater than 50 ng/mL

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18
Q

What blood concentration of Vitamin D = deficiency?

A

less than 20 ng/mL

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19
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D toxicity?

A

1) hypercalcemia, 2) N/V, 3) constipation, 4) weakness, 5) weight loss

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20
Q

How much will 100 IU of Vitamin D change its blood concentration?

A

1 ng/mL

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21
Q

How much sun exposure will provide adequate amounts of Vitamin D?

A

10-15 minutes 2x/week to give 1000 IU/exposure

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22
Q

What are the effects of vitamin d deficiency?

A

bone problems

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23
Q

What are the forms of Vitamin D?

A

natural = d-alpha-tocopherol; synthetic = dI-alpha-tocopherol

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24
Q

What is the name for natural Vitamin E?

A

d-alpha-tocopherol

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25
Q

What is the name for synthetic vitamin E?

A

dI-alpha-tocopherol

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26
Q

What is the RDA of Vitamin E?

A

15-19 mg/day of natural

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27
Q

What is the UL of Vitamin E?

A

1000 mg/day of natural

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28
Q

What is the IU to mg conversion for Vitamin E?

A

1.5 IU = 1 mg

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29
Q

How are natural and synthetic Vitamin E related?

A

1.5 synthetic = 1 natural

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30
Q

Where is Vitamin E found?

A

1) veggie oils, 2) nuts/seeds, 3) wheat germ, 4) fortified foods

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?

A

1) nerve/muscle degeneration, 2) dry skin/hair, 3) impaired wound healing

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32
Q

When do Vitamin E deficiencies occur?

A

rarely, but mainly in fat malabsorption

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33
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin E toxicity?

A

increased bleeding, fatigue, GI symptoms

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34
Q

What are the forms of Vitamin K?

A

K1, K2, K3

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35
Q

What is K1 and what are its sources?

A

phytonadione; dark green leafy veggies and broccoli

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36
Q

What is K2 and what is its source?

A

menaquinone; organ meats and eggs

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37
Q

What is K3 and what is its source?

A

menadione; synthetic (and water-soluble!), but not a supplement

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38
Q

What is the AI of vitamin K?

A

90 - 120 mcg/day

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39
Q

What is the UL of vitamin K?

A

none

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40
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin K?

A

synthesis of clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10; synthesis of anticoag proteins C and S

41
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency?

A

bruising and bleeding (only common in newborns)

42
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin K toxicity?

A

nontoxic, except K3 may cause hemolytic anemia

43
Q

What are the interactions common to all fat-soluble vitamins?

A

absorption decreased by bile acid sequestrants, orlistat, mineral oil

44
Q

What is Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

neurological symptoms associated with excess EtOH

45
Q

What is Korsakoff syndrome?

A

neurological symptoms of amnesia, blackouts, and apathy

46
Q

Where is Vitamin B1 found?

A

fortified foods, lean meats, fish, beans, milk

47
Q

How does B1 deficiency present?

A

in 14 days - 1) wernicke’s, 2) korsakoff, 3) beriberi

48
Q

What is the RDA of B1

A

1.1 - 1.4 mg/day

49
Q

What is the UL of Vitamin B1

A

none, not toxic

50
Q

What is the function of B1?

A

cofactor in CHO/AA metabolism

51
Q

What is the function of B2?

A

flavoprotein precursor; vision and skin; antioxidant

52
Q

What are sources of B2?

A

fortified foods, nuts, green leafy vegetables

53
Q

What is the RDA of B2?

A

1.1 - 1.6 mg/day

54
Q

What are the symptoms of B2 deficiency?

A

chapped lips, oily/scaly rashes

55
Q

What is the UL of B2?

A

not toxic

56
Q

B1

A

thiamine

57
Q

B2

A

riboflavin

58
Q

B3

A

niacin

59
Q

B6

A

pyridoxine

60
Q

B9

A

folic acid

61
Q

B12

A

cobalamin

62
Q

What is the function of B3?

A

NAD/NADP and lipid management

63
Q

What are sources of B3?

A

fortified foods, dairy, poultry, fish, meat, nuts, eggs

64
Q

What are the various supplied forms of B3?

A

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

65
Q

What is the RDA of B3?**

A

14-18 mg/day**

66
Q

What is the UL of B3?**

A

30-35 mg/day

67
Q

What are the symptoms of B3 deficiency?

A

3 D’s - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea = pellagra

68
Q

What are the symptoms of B3 toxicity?

A

if more than 50 mg/day = itching, burning, pain, flushing

69
Q

When are large doses of B3 used?

A

1500 - 2000 mg used to decrease cholesterol

70
Q

How can ADRs of B3 dosing be prevented?

A

increase dose gradually; ASA 325 30-45 mins before may decrease flushing

71
Q

What is the function of B6?

A

cofactor important for immune and nervous function

72
Q

What are sources of B6?

A

legumes, nuts, eggs, fortified foods

73
Q

What is the RDA of B6?

A

1.2 - 2 mg/day

74
Q

What are the symptoms of B6 deficiency?

A

dermatitis, glossitis, depression, confusion, seizures; inhibited synthesis of melatonin

75
Q

What is the UL of B6?

A

80-100 mg/day

76
Q

What are the symptoms of B6 toxicity?

A

peripheral neuropathies and sensory ataxia if > 500 mg/day

77
Q

**What is the RDA of B9?

A

400-600 mcg/day (4g if previous neural tube defect pregnancy)

78
Q

What is the UL of B9?

A

1000 mcg/day

79
Q

How are dietary and supplement forms of B9 interconverted?

A

1 mcg dietary = 0.6 mcg supplement/fortified

80
Q

What is a DFE?

A

dietary folate equivalent

81
Q

What is the function of B9?

A

RBC maturation, purines/pyrimidines, SAM, fetal neurons

82
Q

What are sources of B9?

A

green leafy veggies, fruits, organ meats, fortified foods

83
Q

What are the symptoms of B9 toxicity?

A

nontoxic, but can mask B12 deficiency

84
Q

**What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?

A

**1) megaloblastic anemia WITHOUT neuro symptoms, 2) poor growth

85
Q

What is the function of B12?

A

DNA production, myelin, energy metabolism, RBC production

86
Q

What are sources of B12?

A

eggs, meat, poultry, shellfish, milk (no veggie things!)

87
Q

What is the RDA of B12?

A

2.4-2.8 mcg/day

88
Q

What are the symptoms of B12 toxicity?

A

none

89
Q

**What are the symptoms of B12 deficiency?

A

3-5 years stored in liver, but: 1) *megaloplastic anemia *WITH ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, 2) constipation, 3) weight loss

90
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A

1) antioxidant, 2) cell growth, 3) impaired wound healing, 4) collagen formation, 5) immune

91
Q

What are sources of vitamin C?

A

citrus and strawberries, tomatoes and peppers

92
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin C?

A

75-120 mg/day, +35 if smoker

93
Q

What are the symptoms of Vit. C deficiency?

A

scurvy (less than 10 mg/day): dry skin/hair, gingivitis, fragility, atherosclerosis

94
Q

What is the UL of vitamin C?

A

1.8 - 2 g/day

95
Q

**What are the symptoms of Vitamin C toxicity?

A

**1) kidney stones, 2) nausea/GI upset, 3) skin rashes

96
Q

Which vitamins have an RDA?

A

all except K

97
Q

Which vitamins have an AI?

A

K

98
Q

Which vitamins have no UL?

A

K, B1, B2, B12

Drew 923 (28 decks)

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