3_7Vitamins Flashcards
What are the forms of Vitamin A?
retinol and beta-carotene
How are retinol and beta-carotene related?
beta-carotene is precursor to retinol
Where is retinol found?
animal products (dairy, liver, fish oils, egg yolk
Where is beta-carotene found?
bright veggies/fruits, grean leafy veggies
What is the RDA of Vitamin A?
700 mcg RAE/day for women; 900 mcg RAE/day for men
How many RAE’s is 1 IU retinol
0.3
How many IU’s of beta-carotene equal 1 IU retinol (using RAEs)?
2 IU b-c from food; 6 IU b-c from supplementation
What is the UL of Vitamin A?
3000 mcg RAE/day
What is March of Dimes’ recommendation on the UL of Vitamin A?
less than 5000 IU retinol/day for pregnant patients; no limit on beta-carotene
What are the effects of too much retinol in pregnant patients?
cleft palate, heart defects, hydrocephalus
What is Vitamin A used for?
1) musculoskeletal growth, 2) tooth development, 3) vision development, 4) immune function
What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?
1) xerophthalmia and poor night vision, 2) decreased immune function, 3) slowed growth
What deficiency may also be present with Vitamin A deficiency?
Zn since it’s required for RBP
What is the RDA of Vitamin D?
600 IU/day; if 70+ then 800 IU/day
What is the UL of Vitamin D?
4000 IU
What is the mcg to IU conversion for Vitamin D?
100 IU = 2.5 mcg
What blood concentration of Vitamin D = toxicity?
greater than 50 ng/mL
What blood concentration of Vitamin D = deficiency?
less than 20 ng/mL
What are the effects of vitamin D toxicity?
1) hypercalcemia, 2) N/V, 3) constipation, 4) weakness, 5) weight loss
How much will 100 IU of Vitamin D change its blood concentration?
1 ng/mL
How much sun exposure will provide adequate amounts of Vitamin D?
10-15 minutes 2x/week to give 1000 IU/exposure
What are the effects of vitamin d deficiency?
bone problems
What are the forms of Vitamin D?
natural = d-alpha-tocopherol; synthetic = dI-alpha-tocopherol
What is the name for natural Vitamin E?
d-alpha-tocopherol
What is the name for synthetic vitamin E?
dI-alpha-tocopherol
What is the RDA of Vitamin E?
15-19 mg/day of natural
What is the UL of Vitamin E?
1000 mg/day of natural
What is the IU to mg conversion for Vitamin E?
1.5 IU = 1 mg
How are natural and synthetic Vitamin E related?
1.5 synthetic = 1 natural
Where is Vitamin E found?
1) veggie oils, 2) nuts/seeds, 3) wheat germ, 4) fortified foods
What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
1) nerve/muscle degeneration, 2) dry skin/hair, 3) impaired wound healing
When do Vitamin E deficiencies occur?
rarely, but mainly in fat malabsorption
What are the symptoms of Vitamin E toxicity?
increased bleeding, fatigue, GI symptoms
What are the forms of Vitamin K?
K1, K2, K3
What is K1 and what are its sources?
phytonadione; dark green leafy veggies and broccoli
What is K2 and what is its source?
menaquinone; organ meats and eggs
What is K3 and what is its source?
menadione; synthetic (and water-soluble!), but not a supplement
What is the AI of vitamin K?
90 - 120 mcg/day
What is the UL of vitamin K?
none
What are the functions of Vitamin K?
synthesis of clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10; synthesis of anticoag proteins C and S
What are the symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency?
bruising and bleeding (only common in newborns)
What are the symptoms of vitamin K toxicity?
nontoxic, except K3 may cause hemolytic anemia
What are the interactions common to all fat-soluble vitamins?
absorption decreased by bile acid sequestrants, orlistat, mineral oil
What is Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
neurological symptoms associated with excess EtOH
What is Korsakoff syndrome?
neurological symptoms of amnesia, blackouts, and apathy
Where is Vitamin B1 found?
fortified foods, lean meats, fish, beans, milk
How does B1 deficiency present?
in 14 days - 1) wernicke’s, 2) korsakoff, 3) beriberi
What is the RDA of B1
1.1 - 1.4 mg/day
What is the UL of Vitamin B1
none, not toxic
What is the function of B1?
cofactor in CHO/AA metabolism
What is the function of B2?
flavoprotein precursor; vision and skin; antioxidant
What are sources of B2?
fortified foods, nuts, green leafy vegetables
What is the RDA of B2?
1.1 - 1.6 mg/day
What are the symptoms of B2 deficiency?
chapped lips, oily/scaly rashes
What is the UL of B2?
not toxic
B1
thiamine
B2
riboflavin
B3
niacin
B6
pyridoxine
B9
folic acid
B12
cobalamin
What is the function of B3?
NAD/NADP and lipid management
What are sources of B3?
fortified foods, dairy, poultry, fish, meat, nuts, eggs
What are the various supplied forms of B3?
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
What is the RDA of B3?**
14-18 mg/day**
What is the UL of B3?**
30-35 mg/day
What are the symptoms of B3 deficiency?
3 D’s - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea = pellagra
What are the symptoms of B3 toxicity?
if more than 50 mg/day = itching, burning, pain, flushing
When are large doses of B3 used?
1500 - 2000 mg used to decrease cholesterol
How can ADRs of B3 dosing be prevented?
increase dose gradually; ASA 325 30-45 mins before may decrease flushing
What is the function of B6?
cofactor important for immune and nervous function
What are sources of B6?
legumes, nuts, eggs, fortified foods
What is the RDA of B6?
1.2 - 2 mg/day
What are the symptoms of B6 deficiency?
dermatitis, glossitis, depression, confusion, seizures; inhibited synthesis of melatonin
What is the UL of B6?
80-100 mg/day
What are the symptoms of B6 toxicity?
peripheral neuropathies and sensory ataxia if > 500 mg/day
**What is the RDA of B9?
400-600 mcg/day (4g if previous neural tube defect pregnancy)
What is the UL of B9?
1000 mcg/day
How are dietary and supplement forms of B9 interconverted?
1 mcg dietary = 0.6 mcg supplement/fortified
What is a DFE?
dietary folate equivalent
What is the function of B9?
RBC maturation, purines/pyrimidines, SAM, fetal neurons
What are sources of B9?
green leafy veggies, fruits, organ meats, fortified foods
What are the symptoms of B9 toxicity?
nontoxic, but can mask B12 deficiency
**What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?
**1) megaloblastic anemia WITHOUT neuro symptoms, 2) poor growth
What is the function of B12?
DNA production, myelin, energy metabolism, RBC production
What are sources of B12?
eggs, meat, poultry, shellfish, milk (no veggie things!)
What is the RDA of B12?
2.4-2.8 mcg/day
What are the symptoms of B12 toxicity?
none
**What are the symptoms of B12 deficiency?
3-5 years stored in liver, but: 1) *megaloplastic anemia *WITH ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, 2) constipation, 3) weight loss
What is the function of vitamin C?
1) antioxidant, 2) cell growth, 3) impaired wound healing, 4) collagen formation, 5) immune
What are sources of vitamin C?
citrus and strawberries, tomatoes and peppers
What is the RDA of vitamin C?
75-120 mg/day, +35 if smoker
What are the symptoms of Vit. C deficiency?
scurvy (less than 10 mg/day): dry skin/hair, gingivitis, fragility, atherosclerosis
What is the UL of vitamin C?
1.8 - 2 g/day
**What are the symptoms of Vitamin C toxicity?
**1) kidney stones, 2) nausea/GI upset, 3) skin rashes
Which vitamins have an RDA?
all except K
Which vitamins have an AI?
K
Which vitamins have no UL?
K, B1, B2, B12
